If your dog’s tummy has ever staged a 3 a.m. revolt—gurgles, gas, or the dreaded “soft-serve” poop—you already know that fat content in food can make or break digestive peace. Low-fat wet diets are gaining traction among vets and pet parents alike because they deliver moisture, palatability, and easily-absorbed nutrients without overloading the pancreas or colon. In 2025, the category has exploded with new proteins, novel fibers, and microbiome-focused formulas, but not every can that screams “light” is truly gut-friendly. Below, we’ll unpack the science, label lingo, and feeding strategies you need to choose confidently—no marketing hype, no memorized rankings—so your dog can finally firm up, slim down, and feel fantastic.

Table of Contents

Top 10 Low Fat Wet Dog Food

Nutrish Rachael Ray Weight Management Wet Dog Food Premium Paté Real Turkey & Pumpkin Recipe, 13 oz. Can, 12 Count Nutrish Rachael Ray Weight Management Wet Dog Food Premium P… Check Price
Hill's Prescription Diet i/d Low Fat Digestive Care Original Flavor Wet Dog Food, Veterinary Diet, 13 Ounce (Pack of 12) Hill’s Prescription Diet i/d Low Fat Digestive Care Original… Check Price
Pedigree Chopped Ground Dinner Weight Management Wet Dog Food Chicken & Rice Dinner in Meaty Juices, 13.2 oz. Cans (12 Count, Pack of 1) Pedigree Chopped Ground Dinner Weight Management Wet Dog Foo… Check Price
Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Wet Dog Food Turkey and Rice Entree in Gravy - (Pack of 12) 13 oz. Cans Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Wet Dog Food Turkey and Ri… Check Price
Blue Buffalo Homestyle Recipe Natural Adult Healthy Weight Wet Dog Food, Chicken 12.5-oz can (Pack of 12) Blue Buffalo Homestyle Recipe Natural Adult Healthy Weight W… Check Price
Purina ONE Plus Tender Cuts in Gravy Healthy Weight Lamb and Brown Rice Entree in Wet Dog Food Gravy - (Pack of 12) 13 oz. Cans Purina ONE Plus Tender Cuts in Gravy Healthy Weight Lamb and… Check Price
Blue Buffalo True Solutions Digestive Care Wet Dog Food for Adult Dogs, Made with Natural Ingredients, Chicken, 12.5-oz. Cans (12 Count) Blue Buffalo True Solutions Digestive Care Wet Dog Food for … Check Price
Natural Balance Original Ultra Fat Dogs Wet Dog Food, Chicken & Salmon Recipe in Broth, 13 oz. (Pack of 12) Natural Balance Original Ultra Fat Dogs Wet Dog Food, Chicke… Check Price
Evanger's Heritage Classics Senior & Weight Management Dog Food – 12 Count, 12.5 oz Each – Balanced Meat-Based Formula for Older, Overweight & Less Active Dogs – Grain & Gluten Free Evanger’s Heritage Classics Senior & Weight Management Dog F… Check Price
IAMS Proactive Health Healthy Aging Wet Dog Food Classic Ground with Slow Cooked Chicken and Rice, 13 oz. Cans (12 Count, Pack of 1) IAMS Proactive Health Healthy Aging Wet Dog Food Classic Gro… Check Price

Detailed Product Reviews

1. Nutrish Rachael Ray Weight Management Wet Dog Food Premium Paté Real Turkey & Pumpkin Recipe, 13 oz. Can, 12 Count

Nutrish Rachael Ray Weight Management Wet Dog Food Premium Paté Real Turkey & Pumpkin Recipe, 13 oz. Can, 12 Count

Nutrish Rachael Ray Weight Management Wet Dog Food Premium Paté Real Turkey & Pumpkin Recipe

Overview:
Rachael Ray’s Nutrish line brings a grocery-store-friendly, chef-inspired option to the weight-control aisle. Each 13 oz can delivers a smooth turkey-pumpkin paté fortified with vitamins and minerals yet stripped of fillers and poultry by-products.

What Makes It Stand Out:
Visible veggie bits, celebrity-chef branding, and a mid-tier price that rarely needs a coupon. The pumpkin adds gentle fiber most competitors skip, while the BPA-free cans are fully recyclable.

Value for Money:
At $0.17/oz it’s the cheapest weight-management wet food in the group; you feed less filler, so the case stretches further than budget cans loaded with starches.

👎 Cons

  • Gentle recipe
    + No corn
  • Soy
  • Or by-product meal; easy-to-peel lid
    – Protein (8 %) is lowest of the five; contains guar gum that some dogs find gassy
    – Not for dogs with poultry sensitivities

Bottom Line:
Perfect for cost-conscious households that still want recognizable ingredients; ideal maintenance food for moderately overweight, otherwise healthy adults.

Check Price on Amazon →



2. Hill’s Prescription Diet i/d Low Fat Digestive Care Original Flavor Wet Dog Food, Veterinary Diet, 13 Ounce (Pack of 12)

Hill's Prescription Diet i/d Low Fat Digestive Care Original Flavor Wet Dog Food, Veterinary Diet, 13 Ounce (Pack of 12)

Hill’s Prescription Diet i/d Low Fat Digestive Care

Overview:
Veterinarians’ go-to convalescent diet, this low-fat, highly digestible canned food is engineered for dogs recovering from pancreatitis, GI surgery, or chronic diarrhea.

What Makes It Stand Out:
ActivBiome+ technology—a clinically tested mix of prebiotic fibers—rapidly nourishes beneficial gut bacteria, often firming stools within 48 h. Fat is capped at 1.3 % as-fed, among the lowest on the market.

Value for Money:
$4.83 per can feels steep, but it replaces multiple supplements (probiotics, fiber toppers, pancreatic enzymes) and can avert a $300 vet revisit.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
+ Prescription-grade nutrition, proven in peer-reviewed studies
+ Palatable chicken flavor entices even nauseous dogs
– Requires vet authorization; not suitable for long-term weight loss without supervision
– Contains corn starch and pork liver—potential allergens

Bottom Line:
Buy it when your vet says “i/d”; skip it for simple weight control. A medical tool, not an everyday diet.

Check Price on Amazon →



3. Pedigree Chopped Ground Dinner Weight Management Wet Dog Food Chicken & Rice Dinner in Meaty Juices, 13.2 oz. Cans (12 Count, Pack of 1)

Pedigree Chopped Ground Dinner Weight Management Wet Dog Food Chicken & Rice Dinner in Meaty Juices, 13.2 oz. Cans (12 Count, Pack of 1)

Pedigree Chopped Ground Dinner Weight Management

Overview:
Pedigree’s entry-level weight formula offers a ground, gravy-laden texture designed to make kibble more exciting while trimming calories.

What Makes It Stand Out:
Unbeatable supermarket availability and a $1.99 sticker that undercuts almost every national brand. Meaty juices mean you can stretch one can across two meals when used as a topper.

Value for Money:
Cheapest per can in the roundup; frequent shopper coupons drop the price below $1.60.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
+ Real chicken flavor dogs lick clean; easy-open pull-tab
+ 100 % complete nutrition—no extra supplements needed
– Includes meat by-products, added colors, and wheat gluten—ingredient purists will balk
– 7 % crude protein and high water content can leave large dogs hungry

Bottom Line:
A wallet-friendly flavor booster for mildly plump pets, but not a standalone solution for serious weight loss or sensitive stomachs.

Check Price on Amazon →



4. Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Wet Dog Food Turkey and Rice Entree in Gravy – (Pack of 12) 13 oz. Cans

Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Wet Dog Food Turkey and Rice Entree in Gravy - (Pack of 12) 13 oz. Cans

Purina Pro Plan Weight Management Turkey & Rice Entrée

Overview:
Purina’s performance line targets muscle preservation during calorie restriction, swapping fat for 25 % more protein than their standard adult formula.

What Makes It Stand Out:
Pro-level nutrient ratios (10 % protein, 2 % fat) plus added glucosamine for joint support—rare in weight-management cans. The gravy texture appeals to picky eaters without adding heavy fat.

Value for Money:
Mid-pack pricing ($0.22/oz) backed by AAFCO feeding trials and Purina’s 100 % satisfaction guarantee—return the unused portion if your dog refuses it.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
+ High protein maintains lean mass; no artificial colors or flavors
+ Manufactured in Purina-owned U.S. facilities with stringent safety audits
– Contains rice and soy—avoid for grain-free devotees
– Gravy can stain light-colored fur on messy eaters

Bottom Line:
The sweet-spot choice for active overweight dogs that still need to run and jump while dropping pounds.

Check Price on Amazon →



5. Blue Buffalo Homestyle Recipe Natural Adult Healthy Weight Wet Dog Food, Chicken 12.5-oz can (Pack of 12)

Blue Buffalo Homestyle Recipe Natural Adult Healthy Weight Wet Dog Food, Chicken 12.5-oz can (Pack of 12)

Blue Buffalo Homestyle Recipe Healthy Weight

Overview:
Blue’s homestyle can packs beef, carrots, and barley into a loaf-style dinner trimmed to 820 kcal per can, reinforced with L-carnitine to help burn fat.

What Makes It Stand Out:
Beef is the first ingredient—unusual in weight lines that typically favor poultry. The recipe omits corn, wheat, soy, and by-product meals, aligning with natural-food shoppers.

Value for Money:
$2.50 per 12.5 oz can lands between grocery and prescription tiers; case discounts at pet specialty chains often knock 15 % off.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
+ L-carnitine for lean muscle; visible veggies enhance palatability
+ Can be fed alone, mixed, or used as a low-cal treat
– 7.5 % protein is modest; some dogs find the loaf texture dense
– Carrageenan thickener may irritate ultra-sensitive guts

Bottom Line:
A clean-ingredient, red-meat alternative for beef-loving hounds watching their waistlines—best rotated with higher-protein kibble for optimal satiety.

Check Price on Amazon →


6. Purina ONE Plus Tender Cuts in Gravy Healthy Weight Lamb and Brown Rice Entree in Wet Dog Food Gravy – (Pack of 12) 13 oz. Cans

Purina ONE Plus Tender Cuts in Gravy Healthy Weight Lamb and Brown Rice Entree in Wet Dog Food Gravy - (Pack of 12) 13 oz. Cans

Overview: Purina ONE Plus Tender Cuts in Gravy Healthy Weight Lamb & Brown Rice is a vet-recommended wet food engineered for adult dogs that need to shed or maintain weight without sacrificing taste or muscle support.

What Makes It Stand Out: The formula delivers 100 % nutrition with zero fillers—every ingredient serves a purpose—while real lamb provides high-quality protein that keeps dogs full and muscles strong. A purposeful fiber blend and antioxidant package round out the offering.

Value for Money: At roughly $0.18 per ounce it lands in the budget-friendly zone for premium wet food; the 13 oz cans split into two meals for small/medium dogs, stretching the 12-pack into a 24-day supply.

👍 Pros

  • Vet-backed brand
  • Real lamb first
  • High protein/low fat ratio
  • Generous can size
  • Widely available.

👎 Cons

  • Contains some gums for texture
  • Gravy adds sodium (not ideal for heart-sensitive seniors)
  • Pull-tab lids can occasionally fail

Bottom Line: If your dog needs to drop a few pounds yet turns up his nose at kibble, this gravy-rich lamb stew is a wallet-smart, science-backed option worth adding to the bowl.

Check Price on Amazon →



7. Blue Buffalo True Solutions Digestive Care Wet Dog Food for Adult Dogs, Made with Natural Ingredients, Chicken, 12.5-oz. Cans (12 Count)

Blue Buffalo True Solutions Digestive Care Wet Dog Food for Adult Dogs, Made with Natural Ingredients, Chicken, 12.5-oz. Cans (12 Count)

Overview: Blue Buffalo True Solutions Blissful Belly is a digestive-care wet food that uses clinically proven prebiotic fibers to calm sensitive stomachs while still delivering complete adult nutrition.

What Makes It Stand Out: Chicken is the first ingredient, followed by tummy-soothing pumpkin, apple fiber, and a precise prebiotic blend that firms stools within days—rare in a grocery-aisle recipe. It’s also free of corn, wheat, soy and poultry by-product meals.

Value for Money: At $4.16 per pound it sits mid-pack; you’re paying for therapeutic digestion technology normally found in vet-office brands, so the premium is justifiable if your dog suffers from GI upset.

👍 Pros

  • Clinically tested fiber matrix
  • No cheap fillers
  • Antioxidant-rich fruits
  • Convenient pull-tab cans.

👎 Cons

  • Pricey for multi-dog homes
  • Pâté texture can be dry—may need water stirred in
  • Strong aroma straight out of the can

Bottom Line: For dogs with unpredictable poop schedules or post-antibiotic tummies, Blissful Belly is a gentle, science-forward meal that earns its keep by saving you carpet-cleaning bills.

Check Price on Amazon →



8. Natural Balance Original Ultra Fat Dogs Wet Dog Food, Chicken & Salmon Recipe in Broth, 13 oz. (Pack of 12)

Natural Balance Original Ultra Fat Dogs Wet Dog Food, Chicken & Salmon Recipe in Broth, 13 oz. (Pack of 12)

Overview: Natural Balance Original Ultra Fat Dogs combines real chicken & salmon in a reduced-calorie broth to satisfy big appetites while trimming waistlines.

What Makes It Stand Out: The 25 % calorie cut versus standard NB formulas is achieved by adding low-glycemic veggies and a proprietary fiber blend that keeps dogs full, not frustrated. Every batch is safety-tested and traceable via the “Feed with Confidence” program.

Value for Money: $0.31 per ounce is on the higher side, but you’re paying for dual protein sources, transparent testing, and a specialty weight-loss formula—cheaper than prescription diets.

👍 Pros

  • Two premium proteins
  • Grain-inclusive but low fat
  • Independent lab audits
  • Large 13 oz cans.

👎 Cons

  • Broth style means more water and less caloric density—large dogs may need 2+ cans daily
  • Driving cost up; fish smell can linger on breath

Bottom Line: If you want prescription-level weight control without a vet script—and prize ingredient transparency—Fat Dogs is a palatable, safety-verified choice worth the splurge.

Check Price on Amazon →



9. Evanger’s Heritage Classics Senior & Weight Management Dog Food – 12 Count, 12.5 oz Each – Balanced Meat-Based Formula for Older, Overweight & Less Active Dogs – Grain & Gluten Free

Evanger's Heritage Classics Senior & Weight Management Dog Food – 12 Count, 12.5 oz Each – Balanced Meat-Based Formula for Older, Overweight & Less Active Dogs – Grain & Gluten Free

Overview: Evanger’s Heritage Classics Senior & Weight Management is a grain-free, meat-first loaf crafted for older, less active dogs that need joint support and fewer calories.

What Makes It Stand Out: The recipe leads with real meat, then fortifies with chelated minerals for superior absorption—an unusual touch in a budget-conscious brand. Added glucosamine sources and controlled fat help seniors stay lean and mobile.

Value for Money: At $2.29 per 12.5 oz can this is one of the most affordable functional senior foods on the market; the price per pound beats many grocery staples while offering specialty nutrition.

👍 Pros

  • Grain/gluten-free
  • No salt or artificial preservatives
  • USA-made in BPA-free recyclable cans
  • Highly palatable loaf texture.

👎 Cons

  • Limited flavor variety
  • Slightly lower protein (8 %) for very active seniors
  • Pop-top lids can dent in shipping

Bottom Line: For senior guardians watching pennies and waistlines alike, Evanger’s delivers respectable joint and weight support in a clean, meat-heavy recipe that older dogs actually finish.

Check Price on Amazon →



10. IAMS Proactive Health Healthy Aging Wet Dog Food Classic Ground with Slow Cooked Chicken and Rice, 13 oz. Cans (12 Count, Pack of 1)

IAMS Proactive Health Healthy Aging Wet Dog Food Classic Ground with Slow Cooked Chicken and Rice, 13 oz. Cans (12 Count, Pack of 1)

Overview: IAMS Proactive Health Healthy Aging is a classic ground entrée engineered for senior dogs, pairing slow-cooked chicken with targeted nutrients for joints, cognition and immunity.

What Makes It Stand Out: The formula lowers fat, raises protein and fiber, then layers in calcium, natural glucosamine/chondroitin and DHA Gold—an omega-rich algae source—to keep aging brains, eyes and hips in working order.

Value for Money: Matching Purina ONE at $0.18 per ounce, IAMS offers geriatric-specific nutrition at grocery-store pricing, making daily senior care affordable for multi-pet households.

👍 Pros

  • Real chicken first
  • Added DHA for mental acuity
  • Smooth pâté easy on worn teeth
  • Widely stocked.

👎 Cons

  • Contains corn starch and caramel color—unnecessary for seniors
  • Chicken-only flavor may bore picky eaters
  • Can interior sometimes rust if stored in humid areas

Bottom Line: If your senior needs joint, brain and immune support in one easy-to-chew meal without stretching the budget, IAMS Healthy Aging is a sensible, vet-aligned pick that keeps golden years golden.

Check Price on Amazon →


Why Low-Fat Wet Food Matters for Canine Digestion

Dogs metabolize fat differently than we do; their liver and pancreas secrete enzymes in fixed ratios. When dietary fat exceeds about 15 % dry-matter, those enzymes can’t keep pace, leading to steatorrhea (fatty stool), pancreatitis flare-ups, or secondary dysbiosis. Wet foods naturally dilute calories per gram, so trimming fat while keeping moisture lets you feed a satisfying portion without the pancreatic panic button.

Understanding “Low-Fat” on a Can Label

“Low-fat” isn’t legally defined for pet food in most countries. Instead, look for the GA (Guaranteed Analysis) and convert to dry-matter fat: if canned food is 78 % moisture and 4 % crude fat as-fed, that’s 18 % fat on a dry basis—technically moderate, not low. True low-fat wet foods sit below 9 % dry-matter fat, equivalent to roughly 2 % as-fed at typical moisture levels.

Dry-Matter Math Made Simple

Grab your phone calculator:
1. Subtract moisture from 100 to get dry matter (e.g., 100 – 78 = 22 %).
2. Divide the as-fed fat % by dry-matter % (2 ÷ 0.22 = 9 %).
Boom—you now speak “vet nutritionist” and can’t be greenwashed.

Key Digestive Health Ingredients to Hunt For

Soluble & Insoluble Fiber Balance

Soluble fibers (psyllium, pumpkin, beet pulp) feed beneficial gut bugs; insoluble ones (cellulose, pea hulls) speed transit time. Aim for 2–5 % crude fiber on an as-fed basis—enough to bulk stool without creating a brick.

Prebiotics That Actually Work

Not all “prebiotic” call-outs are equal. Verified compounds like FOS, GOS, MOS, and resistant potato starch show peer-reviewed increases in Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium. If you see chicory root listed after salt, the dose is probably homeopathic—keep walking.

Postbiotics & Fermented Solutions

2025’s buzzword is “postbiotic”—non-viable microbial metabolites that calm inflammation. Look for phrases like “fermented Lactobacillus extract” or “dried fermentation biomass” early in the ingredient list for a therapeutic dose.

Novel Proteins for Sensitive Guts

Chicken and beef are top food-allergy culprits. Low-fat cans featuring pork loin, insect meal, or hydrolyzed fish reduce antigenic load while keeping fat low. Double-check that the novel protein isn’t padded with chicken fat—sneaky trick.

Moisture Content: The Digestive Secret Weapon

Water isn’t just filler; it activates digestive enzymes, dilutes urine concentration, and helps slide fiber through the colon. Wet food at 75–82 % moisture can cut constipation incidence by 30 % compared to kibble, according to a 2023 UC Davis study.

Avoiding Hidden Fat Bombs

“Light turkey stew” may be suspended in chicken-fat gravy. Scan the ingredient list for named fats (chicken fat, salmon oil) and divide their placement by total ingredients—if they appear in the top four, dry-matter fat usually exceeds 12 %.

Decoding Guaranteed Analysis vs. Nutritional Adequacy

GA tells you quantity, but the AAFCO nutritional adequacy statement tells you quality. A food can be 1.5 % fat yet rely on refined starch for calories—fine for pancreatitis recovery, but not long-term. Ensure the can states “complete and balanced” for adult maintenance (or growth, if you have a puppy).

Transitioning Without Tummy Turmoil

Sudden swaps are the #1 cause of post-prandial pudding. Follow a 7-day gradient: 25 % new on days 1–2, 50 % on days 3–4, 75 % on days 5–6, 100 % on day 7. If stools loosen, back up one step for 48 hours and add a vet-approved probiotic.

Portion Control & Calorie Density

Low-fat does NOT mean low-calorie. Some cans replace fat with digestible carbs, pushing kcal/1,000 g above 1,200. Use your dog’s target body weight, not current weight, and recalculate every four weeks—waistlines change faster than labels.

Special Considerations for Pancreatitis-Prone Breeds

Miniature Schnauzers, Yorkshire Terriers, and some Dachshunds carry a genetic triglyceride spike. Keep dry-matter fat ≤ 7 %, feed 3–4 small meals to blunt post-prandial lipemia, and consider adding 100 mg/kg omega-3 from fish oil (counted separately from food fat) to quell inflammation.

Allergies, Intolerances, and Elimination Trials

During an 8-week elimination diet, fat level still matters—gut permeability increases when inflammation is present, so choose a single-protein, low-fat canned base to avoid confounding variables. Re-challenge with one new ingredient weekly, not one new brand.

Vet-Supervised Therapeutic vs. OTC Low-Fat Options

Prescription ultra-low-fat formulas (< 5 % dry-matter) exist for acute pancreatitis or lymphangiectasia. They’re safe for 3–6 months but may skimp on long-chain omega-3s. Rotate in an OTC, vet-approved low-fat fish-based can every 10–14 days to balance fatty-acid profiles once the crisis passes.

Reading Between the Marketing Lines

“Grass-fed,” “human-grade,” and “superfood” have zero regulatory teeth. Focus on the order of ingredients, the dry-matter fat math, and the presence of digestibility studies—brands that pay for AAFCO feeding trials will brag about it; silence usually means they haven’t.

Storing Wet Food to Preserve Nutrients

Oxidation turns healthy fats rancid within 48 hours of opening. Spoon leftovers into a glass jar, top with a 2 mm water layer to exclude air, refrigerate ≤ 4 °C, and use within 72 hours. Bonus: the chilled gel makes a soothing, low-fat “pupsicle” for anxious chewers.

Budgeting for Quality Without Breaking the Bank

Low-fat therapeutic cans can top $4 per 13 oz. Stretch the budget by mixing 60 % economical low-fat kibble (moistened with warm water) and 40 % premium wet—your dog still gets the gut-friendly benefits while your wallet survives the month.

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. Can I feed a low-fat wet diet to my puppy, or is it only for adult dogs?
    Yes, provided the can states “complete and balanced for growth” and dry-matter fat stays above 8 % to supply essential fatty acids for brain development.

  2. How quickly should I see firmer stools after switching?
    Most dogs show improvement within 5–7 days; if diarrhea persists beyond 10 days, consult your vet for possible parasites or food allergy.

  3. Is grain-free low-fat wet food better for digestion?
    Not necessarily. Many grain-free recipes substitute legumes that can increase fermentable carbs and gas. Choose based on ingredient tolerance, not marketing.

  4. Can I add fresh pumpkin or sweet potato to every meal?
    In moderation—1 tsp per 10 lb body weight. Excess soluble fiber can bind minerals and dilute calories, risking nutritional gaps.

  5. Are fish-based cans automatically lower in fat?
    No. Salmon and mackerel are fatty fish; always run the dry-matter calculation before assuming.

  6. What’s the ideal feeding frequency for a dog with chronic pancreatitis?
    Three to four small meals spaced evenly through the day prevents post-prandial enzyme spikes.

  7. Do I still need a probiotic if the food contains prebiotics?
    Prebiotics feed existing microbes; a multi-strain probiotic adds new beneficial bugs—together they’re synergistic, especially during antibiotic therapy.

  8. Can low-fat wet food help my overweight dog lose weight?
    Yes, because moisture adds volume with fewer calories, promoting satiety. Adjust total daily calories, not just fat percentage.

  9. Is it safe to warm wet food in the microwave?
    Yes, but stir thoroughly and check temperature—hot spots can scald the tongue and destroy heat-sensitive B-vitamins.

  10. How do I know if my dog’s fat intake is too low?
    Watch for a dull coat, flaky skin, or slowed wound healing; target dry-matter fat no below 5 % unless under direct veterinary supervision.

By Alex Carter

Alex is the chief editor and lead pet enthusiast at Paws Dynasty. With a passion for animal health and a sharp eye for ingredients, He helps pet parents make confident, informed choices every single day.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *