Carob Chips For Dog Treats: Top 10 Safe Chocolate Alternatives for 2025 [Baking Guide]

Picture this: your Labrador’s tail is helicopter-fast, your kitchen smells like warm cookies, and you’re about to reward good behavior with a glossy “chocolate” chip that’s 100 % dog-safe. That’s the magic of carob—nature’s cocoa impersonator—turning everyday training moments into guilt-free celebrations. As we head into 2025, pet parents are more ingredient-savvy than ever, and carob chips are quickly becoming the go-to staple for homemade canine confections.

But before you swap your pantry’s semi-sweet morsels for the nearest bag of canine-approved chips, it helps to understand why carob trumps chocolate, how to bake with it, and what to look for on the label (hint: not all carob is created equal). This guide walks you through every stage—from decoding marketing buzzwords to troubleshooting a finicky double boiler—so your next batch of tail-wagging treats is as nutritious as it is drool-worthy.

Top 10 Carob Chips For Dog Treats

Three Dog Bakery Mini Carob Chip Cookies for Dogs, Crunchy Dog Treats with Real Ingredients, 8 oz Three Dog Bakery Mini Carob Chip Cookies for Dogs, Crunchy D… Check Price
Exclusively Dog Carob Sandwich Cremes Cookies - All Natural Dog Treats, No Animal Byproducts, Baked in The USA, Ideal for Medium to Large Dogs - Carob Flavor, 8oz Bag Exclusively Dog Carob Sandwich Cremes Cookies – All Natural … Check Price
Bocce's Bakery Mud Pie Oh My Training Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Dog Treats, Made with Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural & Low Calorie Training Bites, PB, Carob, & Vanilla Recipe, 6 oz Bocce’s Bakery Mud Pie Oh My Training Treats for Dogs, Wheat… Check Price
Bocce's Bakery PB Banana Chip Recipe Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Everyday Dog Treats, Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural Soft & Chewy Cookies, Peanut Butter, Bananas, & Carob, 6 oz Bocce’s Bakery PB Banana Chip Recipe Treats for Dogs, Wheat-… Check Price
Three Dog Bakery Swirly Paws, Soft-Baked Puppy Training Treats with Carob Chip & Vanilla, Biscuits for Dogs Three Dog Bakery Swirly Paws, Soft-Baked Puppy Training Trea… Check Price
4Legz Peanut Butter & Carob Chips Dog Treats – Healthy, Crunchy, Vegan Biscuits with Whole & Real Ingredients – All Natural & USA‐Baked, 7 oz 4Legz Peanut Butter & Carob Chips Dog Treats – Healthy, Crun… Check Price
Wiggles & Wags Cookies with Carob Chips Crunchy Dog Treats. Plus Biggs Dog Waste Roll. One Thirteen Ounce Bag. Wiggles & Wags Cookies with Carob Chips Crunchy Dog Treats. … Check Price
Missy J's Organic Mint Carob Chips 8 oz, Made with Coconut Sugar Vegan, Gluten and Caffeine Free Healthy Substitute for Chocolate, Perfect for Snacks and Treats Missy J’s Organic Mint Carob Chips 8 oz, Made with Coconut S… Check Price
BRAMBLE Organic Dog Treats. Everyday Carob & Pumpkin Human Grade, Made with Real Ingredients, Soft & Chewy Dog Cookies. Wheat-Free Plant-Based. 8 oz BRAMBLE Organic Dog Treats. Everyday Carob & Pumpkin Human G… Check Price
Beg & Barker Pork Chips for Dogs (8 Ounce, Pack of 1) - Single Ingredient Dog Treats Made for Large & Small Dogs Protein Human Grade Dog Treats Made from Real Meat Pork, Made in USA Beg & Barker Pork Chips for Dogs (8 Ounce, Pack of 1) – Sing… Check Price

Detailed Product Reviews

1. Three Dog Bakery Mini Carob Chip Cookies for Dogs, Crunchy Dog Treats with Real Ingredients, 8 oz

Three Dog Bakery Mini Carob Chip Cookies for Dogs, Crunchy Dog Treats with Real Ingredients, 8 oz

Overview: Three Dog Bakery Mini Carob Chip Cookies ($4.94/8 oz) recreate a chocolate-chip classic without the harmful cocoa, swapping in dog-safe carob for guilt-free indulgence. The palm-sized bag is stuffed with hundreds of marble-sized biscuits—ideal for tiny jaws or repetitive training.

What Makes It Stand Out: The bakery’s “cookies, not kibble” philosophy shows in crisp texture and bakery-box aroma; the carob-vanilla combo smells almost good enough for humans. Mini sizing means you won’t break treats (or calorie limits) during long obedience sessions.

Value for Money: At ~62¢ per ounce you’re paying mid-shelf prices for upper-shelf presentation and USA small-batch baking. Comparable brands run $7-9 for the same weight.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
– Pros: Irresistible cookie scent, zero artificial colors/flavors, resealable bag keeps crunch for months, appropriate for all life stages and training.
– Cons: Wheat and sugar place them lower on the “healthy” scale; crumbs collect at bag bottom; carob chips occasionally fall out, posing a choking risk for toy breeds if not crushed.

Bottom Line: A crowd-pleasing “junk-food” reward that won’t break the bank or your dog’s waistline—perfect for intermittent treating, not everyday nutrition.


2. Exclusively Dog Carob Sandwich Cremes Cookies – All Natural Dog Treats, No Animal Byproducts, Baked in The USA, Ideal for Medium to Large Dogs – Carob Flavor, 8oz Bag

Exclusively Dog Carob Sandwich Cremes Cookies - All Natural Dog Treats, No Animal Byproducts, Baked in The USA, Ideal for Medium to Large Dogs - Carob Flavor, 8oz Bag

Overview: Exclusively Dog Carob Sandwich Cremes ($8.09/8 oz) look like Oreos built for canines: two carob wafers glued with a yogurt-colored filling. Portion guidance printed on the bag recommends 1-4 cookies daily, depending on dog size.

What Makes It Stand Out: The sandwich format doubles the crunch and extends chewing time—great for medium-to-large breeds that inhale smaller biscuits. The company excludes all animal byproducts, making the recipe vegetarian-friendly.

Value for Money: Roughly $1 per cookie is steep compared with bulk biscuits, but you’re funding USA small-batch production and premium produce labels.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
– Pros: Hard texture helps reduce tartar, filling adds scent motivation, clear calorie count (55 kcal each), free of corn/soy.
– Cons: Wheat-heavy and calorie-dense; toy dogs struggle to bite through; filling can melt in hot cars; pricey for everyday use.

Bottom Line: A “special occasion” cookie when you need extended chew time or photo-worthy pampering—just budget calories and dollars accordingly.


3. Bocce’s Bakery Mud Pie Oh My Training Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Dog Treats, Made with Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural & Low Calorie Training Bites, PB, Carob, & Vanilla Recipe, 6 oz

Bocce's Bakery Mud Pie Oh My Training Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Dog Treats, Made with Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural & Low Calorie Training Bites, PB, Carob, & Vanilla Recipe, 6 oz

Overview: Bocce’s Bakery Mud Pie Oh My Training Treats ($7.99/6 oz) are pea-sized, wheat-free morsels scented with peanut butter, carob and vanilla. The pocket-size pouch advertises under 3 calories per bite, positioning itself squarely at the training-treat market.

What Makes It Stand Out: Tiny uniform squares eliminate breaking and crumb storms mid-walk; wheat-free construction suits many allergy sufferers; the bakery donates a portion of sales to animal shelters.

Value for Money: $1.33 per ounce lands on the higher side for training treats, but low calorie count means one bag lasts through weeks of sessions.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
– Pros: Soft enough for puppies/seniors yet firm enough for pouch storage; 100% USA ingredients; resealable Velcro strip; no artificial anything.
– Cons: Strong molasses smell transfers to hands; squares can dry and harden if left open; limited flavor variety within the line.

Bottom Line: An allergy-aware, waistline-friendly motivator that keeps focus high and calories low—worth the slight premium for serious trainers.


4. Bocce’s Bakery PB Banana Chip Recipe Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Everyday Dog Treats, Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural Soft & Chewy Cookies, Peanut Butter, Bananas, & Carob, 6 oz

Bocce's Bakery PB Banana Chip Recipe Treats for Dogs, Wheat-Free Everyday Dog Treats, Real Ingredients, Baked in The USA, All-Natural Soft & Chewy Cookies, Peanut Butter, Bananas, & Carob, 6 oz

Overview: Bocce’s PB Banana Chip Soft-Baked Cookies ($7.98/6 oz) resemble miniature muffin tops with a chewy crumb. Each 14-calorie “B” lists just nine ingredients led by oat flour, peanut butter, banana and carob.

What Makes It Stand Out: Soft texture welcomes puppies, seniors and picky eaters who turn up their noses at crunch. Limited-ingredient transparency is perfect for elimination-diet households.

Value for Money: $21.28/lb is boutique-coffee expensive, yet softness eliminates waste from crumbled rejects.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
– Pros: Wheat/corn/soy-free; easy to halve for smaller portions; bakes in small USA batches for freshness; gentle on recovering dental patients.
– Cons: Moisture invites mold—use within three weeks of opening; aroma attracts counter-surfing dogs; higher per-calorie cost than biscuits.

Bottom Line: A “gourmet snack” rather than a staple—splurge when your dog needs tender chewing or when you need a high-value jackpot during tough training phases.


5. Three Dog Bakery Swirly Paws, Soft-Baked Puppy Training Treats with Carob Chip & Vanilla, Biscuits for Dogs

Three Dog Bakery Swirly Paws, Soft-Baked Puppy Training Treats with Carob Chip & Vanilla, Biscuits for Dogs

Overview: Three Dog Bakery Swirly Paws Soft-Baked Cookies ($14.99/1.25 lb) deliver vanilla-carob pinwheel biscuits roughly 1½ inches across. The larger, resealable tub targets multi-dog homes and puppy kindergarten classes.

What Makes It Stand Out: Soft-swirl design looks like people-grade pastry, making gift baskets and Instagram posts effortless; gentle texture suits teething pups and older dogs with worn teeth.

Value for Money: $11.99/lb sits mid-pack for soft gourmet treats, but the 20-oz supply undercuts boutique competitors by volume.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
– Pros: USA baked, no artificial colors/flavors, resealable tub preserves moisture, uniform size prevents squabbles in multi-pet homes, wheat not primary ingredient.
– Cons: Higher calorie (≈28 per cookie) demands stricter rationing; some batches arrive crumbly due to transit handling; aroma entices pets to chew through packaging if left out.

Bottom Line: A visually charming, puppy-friendly indulgence that balances price and quantity—ideal for households that burn through treats fast but still want bakery-level quality.


6. 4Legz Peanut Butter & Carob Chips Dog Treats – Healthy, Crunchy, Vegan Biscuits with Whole & Real Ingredients – All Natural & USA‐Baked, 7 oz

4Legz Peanut Butter & Carob Chips Dog Treats – Healthy, Crunchy, Vegan Biscuits with Whole & Real Ingredients – All Natural & USA‐Baked, 7 oz

Overview:
4Legz Peanut Butter & Carob Chips Dog Treats are crunchy vegan biscuits baked in the USA with human-grade rye flour and unsalted peanut butter. The 7 oz bag pairs dog-safe carob chips with peanut butter for a sweet-savory crunch suitable for everyday rewards or party photos.

What Makes It Stand Out:
The brand’s family-owned transparency—every ingredient is pronounceable, non-GMO, and sourced like food you’d put on your own sandwich. The carob-peanut butter combo delivers candy-bar appeal without chocolate risks, and the rye base keeps the biscuit firm enough for teeth-cleaning crunch yet easy to snap for small mouths.

Value for Money:
At $21.49/lb you’re paying boutique-bakery prices, but you’re also getting human-grade, vegan biscuits with zero fillers or soy. Comparable “clean” treats run $18–24/lb, so the premium is justified if you prize ingredient integrity over bulk.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: single-hand serving, snap-able size, no greasy residue on pockets, strong peanut aroma dogs love.
Cons: rye can crumble on hardwood floors, bag is only 7 oz so multi-dog households burn through it quickly, carob chips occasionally settle at bottom creating uneven distribution.

Bottom Line:
A guilt-free, allergy-friendly cookie that looks and smells like people food. Buy it when you want to spoil one dog or top a birthday pup-cake; skip if you need volume for daily training.



7. Wiggles & Wags Cookies with Carob Chips Crunchy Dog Treats. Plus Biggs Dog Waste Roll. One Thirteen Ounce Bag.

Wiggles & Wags Cookies with Carob Chips Crunchy Dog Treats. Plus Biggs Dog Waste Roll. One Thirteen Ounce Bag.

Overview:
Wiggles & Wags bundles a 13 oz bag of carob-chip cookies with a roll of Biggs dog-waste bags. The biscuits are crunchy, medium-sized, and marketed as an anytime reward.

What Makes It Stand Out:
The free poop-bag roll turns an ordinary treat purchase into a two-in-one stop, handy if you’re grabbing gifts at a boutique or farmers market. Carob chips give the cookies visual “chocolate” appeal without toxicity worries.

Value for Money:
$19 for 13 oz equates to $23.40/lb—above average even for gourmet treats. The included 20-count poop-bag roll (worth ~$3) narrows the gap slightly, but you’re still paying for convenience more than ingredients.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: resealable bag keeps crunch intact, cookies break cleanly for portion control, carob smell entices picky eaters.
Cons: ingredient list is vague (no sourcing or organic claims), wheat appears high on label, calorie count not stated, and the bonus bags are thin single-ply.

Bottom Line:
A decent grab-and-go gift for a new-dog parent who needs waste bags more than culinary excellence. Serious label readers should look elsewhere.



8. Missy J’s Organic Mint Carob Chips 8 oz, Made with Coconut Sugar Vegan, Gluten and Caffeine Free Healthy Substitute for Chocolate, Perfect for Snacks and Treats

Missy J's Organic Mint Carob Chips 8 oz, Made with Coconut Sugar Vegan, Gluten and Caffeine Free Healthy Substitute for Chocolate, Perfect for Snacks and Treats

Overview:
Missy J’s Organic Mint Carob Chips are 8 oz of thin, button-shaped morsels designed for humans seeking a chocolate-free, caffeine-free baking chip. Coconut sugar sweetens; peppermint oil cools; Australian carob supplies the cocoa-like color.

What Makes It Stand Out:
These are one of the few chips certified gluten-free, vegan, and mint-flavored straight out of the bag. They melt smoothly, hold shape in cookies, and won’t trigger chocolate toxicity if a toddler (or dog) sneaks a handful.

Value for Money:
$9.99 for 8 oz ($20/lb) sits mid-range between boutique chocolate chips and allergy-friendly carob. Given organic, non-GMO inputs and ethical palm oil, the price matches comparable brands like Lily’s or Enjoy Life.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: bright mint finish cuts carob’s natural sweetness, no gritty aftertaste, resealable pouch, safe for dogs in moderation.
Cons: mint can overpower delicate recipes, chips scorch below standard chocolate temps, and coconut sugar raises glycemic index slightly.

Bottom Line:
Stock these if you bake for mixed-species households or need a refreshing, chocolate-free chip. For classic dessert flavor, stick to semi-sweet; for allergen peace, Missy J’s delivers.



9. BRAMBLE Organic Dog Treats. Everyday Carob & Pumpkin Human Grade, Made with Real Ingredients, Soft & Chewy Dog Cookies. Wheat-Free Plant-Based. 8 oz

BRAMBLE Organic Dog Treats. Everyday Carob & Pumpkin Human Grade, Made with Real Ingredients, Soft & Chewy Dog Cookies. Wheat-Free Plant-Based. 8 oz

Overview:
BRAMBLE Organic Dog Treats marry carob and pumpkin in a soft, chewy cookie baked in a human-grade USDA-inspected kitchen. The 8 oz wheat-free recipe uses just six whole-food ingredients and ships in a resealable pouch.

What Makes It Stand Out:
Bramble treats are literally safe for humans to eat—no feed-grade shortcuts. Pumpkin adds tummy-soothing fiber while carob supplies antioxidant polyphenols without caffeine or theobromine. The soft texture suits puppies, seniors, and dogs with dental issues.

Value for Money:
At $2/oz ($32/lb) these are among the priciest vegan dog cookies sold. You’re paying for certified organic ingredients, third-party kitchen audits, and small-batch production; comparable human-grade brands run $28–35/lb.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: ingredient list you can recite from memory, moist texture doesn’t crumble in pockets, gentle molasses scent, suitable for many allergy profiles.
Cons: softness limits dental benefits, pouch contains only ~25 medium cookies, high calorie (28 kcal each) means easy to overfeed.

Bottom Line:
Splurge when your dog needs hypoallergenic, tummy-friendly rewards or when you want training treats you could share. For everyday crunch or bulk dispensing, choose a harder biscuit.



10. Beg & Barker Pork Chips for Dogs (8 Ounce, Pack of 1) – Single Ingredient Dog Treats Made for Large & Small Dogs Protein Human Grade Dog Treats Made from Real Meat Pork, Made in USA

Beg & Barker Pork Chips for Dogs (8 Ounce, Pack of 1) - Single Ingredient Dog Treats Made for Large & Small Dogs Protein Human Grade Dog Treats Made from Real Meat Pork, Made in USA

Overview:
Beg & Barker Pork Chips are single-ingredient, air-dried slices of USDA-inspected pork. The 8 oz bag contains varied-size chips that serve as high-protein jerky for dogs of any breed or age.

What Makes It Stand Out:
Nothing but pork—no glycerin, salt, smoke, or preservatives—yet the slow air-dry creates a satisfying crunch that shatters rather than gums up teeth. The company sources whole muscle meat in the USA and dehydrates at low temps to preserve enzymes.

Value for Money:
$39.98/lb looks eye-watering until you realize most commercial jerky uses fillers or added water. Pure meat yields 60 g protein per 100 g; one chip goes a long way in training, making the cost per high-value reward reasonable.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: single protein for elimination diets, low odor compared to fish or beef liver, snaps into smaller pieces without crumbling dust, loved by picky eaters.
Cons: natural variation means some bags hold mostly crumbs, fat content can exceed 12 % (watch waistlines), pricey for multi-dog households.

Bottom Line:
Buy when you need a clean, high-value training jackpot or a novel protein for allergy trials. Rotate with lower-cost biscuits to balance the budget.


Why Chocolate Is Dangerous for Dogs

Chocolate’s theobromine and caffeine are metabolized slowly in dogs, leading to vomiting, tremors, arrhythmia, or worse. Darker chocolates pack higher theobromine counts, but even white chocolate’s fat load can trigger pancreatitis. The bottom line? No chocolate—ever—is worth the gamble.

What Exactly Is Carob?

Carob comes from the long pods of the Mediterranean Ceratonia siliqua tree. Naturally sweet, roasted, and ground into powder or chips, carob delivers a mellow, caramel-chocolate flavor minus the methylxanthines that poison pups. It’s also fiber-rich and low in fat, making it a functional—not just flavorful—ingredient.

Nutritional Edge: Carob vs. Chocolate

Compared with cocoa, carob boasts more calcium, potassium, and vitamin B2 while staying caffeine-free. Its natural sugars mean you can dial back added sweeteners, and its pectin supports digestive regularity. For dogs watching their waistlines, carob’s lower calorie density is a welcome bonus.

How Carob Chips Are Made

Pods are harvested, kibbled, roasted at low temperatures to develop color, then milled and combined with palm kernel or coconut oil to create melt-friendly chips. Premium manufacturers skip hydrogenated fats and soy lecithin, opting for sunflower lecithin and ethically sourced fats instead.

Reading Labels Like a Pro

Scan for the shortest ingredient list: carob powder, vegetable oil, natural sweetener (if any). Avoid xylitol, artificial vanillin, or excess cane sugar. Certified non-GMO and residue-tested carob guarantees you’re not sneaking pesticides into your pup’s snack.

Key Buying Criteria for 2025

Sustainability seals, transparent heavy-metal testing, and resealable compostable pouches are trending. Look for chips that hold their shape in moderate oven heat (below 350 °F) yet melt smoothly for drizzle décor. Bonus points for brands that publish full amino-acid profiles.

Baking Science: Texture & Tempering

Carob’s lower fat content means it seizes faster than chocolate. Fold chips into dough when it’s cooled to room temp, or temper gently in a dry double boiler at 108–115 °F. A teaspoon of creamy peanut butter or coconut oil helps stabilize melted carob for silky finishes.

Recipe Formulation Tips

Balance carob’s inherent sweetness with savory elements—think pumpkin purée, turmeric, or finely minced parsley. Because carob contains natural pectin, reduce added binders like applesauce by 10–15 % to avoid gummy centers. Always calculate total calories; even healthy treats should stay below 10 % of daily intake.

Common Baking Pitfalls & Fixes

Seized carob? Whisk in warmed oat milk one teaspoon at a time. Chips sinking to the bottom? Toss them in a pinch of coconut flour before folding into batter. Over-browning edges? Drop oven temp by 25 °F and extend bake time five minutes for even heat penetration.

Storage & Shelf-Life Hacks

Oxygen and humidity are carob’s enemies. Vacuum-seal portions you won’t use within two weeks, add a food-grade silica gel packet, and freeze flat for up to six months. Thaw in the fridge overnight to prevent condensation bloom that can turn chips chalky.

Flavor Pairing Guide

Carob loves earthy spices—cinnamon, caraway, anise—and creamy fats like goat yogurt or tahini. For a bright contrast, add a whisper of orange zest or freeze-dried blueberry powder. Avoid citrus in large doses; it can upset sensitive tummies.

Allergy Considerations

While carob itself is hypoallergenic, many chips are manufactured on shared lines with dairy, soy, or nuts. Seek certified allergen-free facilities if your dog has known triggers. Patch-test new treats by offering a pea-sized portion and monitoring for 24 hours.

Portion Control & Calorie Counting

A single carob chip averages 2–3 kcal. For a 25 lb dog, that’s roughly one chip per pound of body weight daily—max. Factor training treats into the day’s caloric budget and adjust meal kibble accordingly to keep your pup at an ideal body-condition score.

Travel-Friendly Treat Solutions

Bake bite-sized biscuits to a dry, snap-worthy texture; moisture invites mold in backpacks. Vacuum-seal single-serve sachets and stash a silica packet inside. If flying, carry a copy of the ingredient list to breeze through customs or TSA checks.

Eco-Friendly Packaging Trends

Expect 2025 pouches made from post-consumer recycled plastic paired with enzyme-based biodegradable films. Refill programs let you return spent bags for store credit, while QR codes reveal carbon-footprint data and supply-chain transparency.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can puppies eat carob chips, or is there a minimum age?
Yes, but wait until weaning is complete—around eight weeks—and introduce slowly to avoid tummy upset.

2. Are there any dogs that should avoid carob entirely?
Only those with specific pod-legume allergies (rare) or on ultra-low-fiber diets for medical conditions.

3. How do I stop carob from melting in my pocket during walks?
Choose chip-in-chip cookies (carob baked inside a shell) or coat finished treats in a thin layer of coconut-based yogurt that sets hard.

4. Is organic carob worth the extra cost?
Organic sourcing minimizes pesticide residue, which matters if you bake frequently or own small breeds with lower toxic thresholds.

5. Can I substitute carob powder for chips in a 1:1 ratio?
Not exactly; powder absorbs moisture, so reduce dry ingredients by 2 tbsp per ¼ cup of powder and add a binding fat.

6. What’s the ideal storage temperature for opened carob chips?
60–68 °F in a dark pantry, or refrigerate if ambient humidity exceeds 55 %.

7. My dog is diabetic—does carob spike blood sugar?
Carob’s natural sugars are modest, but use unsweetened chips and pair with low-glycemic bases like chickpea flour to stay safe.

8. How can I tell if carob chips have gone rancid?
Smell for paint-like notes or taste a tiny shard; rancid oils feel greasy and bitter on the tongue.

9. Are human-grade carob chips okay for dogs?
Often yes, but double-check labels for xylitol, excess salt, or coffee flavorings that sometimes sneak into people-centric products.

10. Can carob cause loose stools?
In large amounts, its fiber can act as a mild laxative. Stick to recommended portions and provide fresh water.

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