Thunderstorms, fireworks, vet visits, or simply the ache of aging joints—if you’ve ever seen your dog pace, pant, or struggle to climb the stairs, you already know that anxiety and pain aren’t just human problems. In 2025, more guardians than ever are turning to hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) to help their four-legged family members reclaim calm and comfort. And since dogs rarely hold still for droppers, CBD-infused treats have become the go-to delivery method: tasty, pre-dosed, and free from the “no-medicine” wrestling match. But walk down any digital pet aisle and you’ll be hit with a blizzard of labels—broad-spectrum, nano-emulsified, vet-formulated, oven-baked, soft-chew, gluten-free, kangaroo-flavored—how do you separate marketing fluff from medical value?
The short answer: know exactly which features matter for your dog’s unique anxiety or pain profile, then match those to a product that can prove—on paper and in the bowl—it delivers. The slightly longer answer is what you’re about to read: an expert-level field guide to evaluating Medipets-style CBD dog treats in 2025, minus the hype, the rankings, and the “top-10 list” that will be obsolete in three months. Instead, you’ll get the analytical tools veterinarians, formulators, and discerning owners use to make confident, future-proof choices. Grab your leash and a notebook—class is in session.
Top 10 Medipets Cbd Dog Treats
Detailed Product Reviews
1. Calming Chews for Dogs 200ct Hemp Dog Calming Chews – Anxiety and Stress Relief Treats Melatonin Bites Sleep Aid for Small/Medium/Large Dogs Calm Dog – Separation, Fireworks, Thunder, Barking,Chewing
Overview: These chicken-flavored, vet-recommended chews promise 30-45 minute relief from thunder, fireworks, separation, and travel stress through a combo of hemp, melatonin, chamomile, valerian, L-theanine and L-tryptophan. The 200-count jar is pitched for multi-dog homes or daily use.
What Makes It Stand Out: 200 chews under $29 is one of the lowest per-dose prices on the market; the grain-free, GMP-certified, USA-made formula is also safe for allergy-prone pups and approved by veterinarians for mild-to-moderate anxiety.
Value for Money: At roughly 14 ¢ per chew you can afford to double-dose storm season without wincing; the generous count lets owners of 60-lb dogs treat for two full months.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Fast onset (30 min), tasty chicken flavor accepted by picky eaters, clear weight-based dosing chart, no soy/corn/artificial junk.
Cons: Melatonin can cause morning grogginess in small breeds; zip-pouch loses freshness after three weeks; not strong enough for severe phobia cases.
Bottom Line: If you want an economical, clean-label daily calmer for routine stressors, this 200-count jar is the best budget buy—just keep the bag sealed and consult your vet for high-anxiety dogs.
2. Grateful Pawz Hemp Calming Chews for Dogs – Dog Calming Chews – 170 Anxiety Relief Treats with Hemp Oil – Sleep Aid – Advanced Health Joint Support Supplement – Health & Wellness
Overview: USA-made, vet-formulated soft chews blend hemp oil, melatonin and joint-supporting turmeric & glucosamine into a 170-count calming aid marketed for both nerves and aging hips.
What Makes It Stand Out: Unlike most calming-only treats, each chew adds 200 mg turmeric + 100 mg glucosamine—handy for senior dogs whose stiffness worsens anxiety.
Value for Money: 13 ¢ per chew is already low; factor in the joint blend and you’re effectively skipping a second supplement, saving $15-20 a month.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Two-in-one calming + mobility support, made in FDA-registered facility, cheaper than buying separate products, duck flavor for poultry-sensitive dogs.
Cons: Turmeric can stain light fur around the mouth; lower melatonin dose (0.5 mg) may not sedate high-strung breeds; chews crumble in warm weather.
Bottom Line: A smart pick for senior or active dogs that need zen and cartilage care in a single bite. Keep the jar cool and adjust dosage upward for storm phobia.
3. Hemp Calming Chews for Dogs – Advanced Dog Calming Treats Helps with Dog Anxiety Relief, Separation, Stress, Barking, Fireworks, Travel, Composure – Natural Pet Supplements for Health & Wellness 180Ct
Overview: These 180 chicken-flavored bites rely on magnesium citrate, chamomile, valerian, L-theanine and ginger—no hemp or melatonin—targeting owners who want non-drowsy, “natural” stress relief for fireworks, travel or separation.
What Makes It Stand Out: The magnesium + ginger combo settles both nervous tummies and trembling limbs, making it ideal for carsick or vet-office panickers.
Value for Money: 23.99 ¥ works out to 13 ¢ per chew; mid-pack pricing but you get 20-30 extra pieces versus most 120-150 count rivals.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Non-sedating, easy on stomach, fast 30-min onset, soft texture for tiny jaws, clear breed size chart on label.
Cons: No melatonin means night-time efficacy is hit-or-miss; ginger scent can put off finicky eaters; bag zipper prone to splitting.
Bottom Line: A solid, gentle daytime calmer for dogs that need to stay alert—pair with a bedtime melatonin product if evening fireworks are the trigger.
4. Hemp Calming Chews for Dogs – Advanced Dog Calming Chews – 170 Treats – Anxiety Relief Treats – Hemp Oil – Separation Aid, Stress, Hip and Joint Supplement for Canine Health Support – Beef Flavor
Overview: Beef-flavored, USA-made chews pair hemp oil, valerian, chamomile and melatonin with turmeric & glucosamine in a 170-count bottle aimed at anxious joints.
What Makes It Stand Out: Beef flavor is rare in the calming aisle, enticing meat-driven breeds bored of chicken; 1 mg melatonin per chew gives a stronger sleep nudge for thunder nights.
Value for Money: At 12 ¢ each it’s the cheapest per dose in the list, beating even treat-only products despite the added joint actives.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Excellent price, dual anxiety + joint action, 1 mg melatonin for deeper calm, beef aroma masks supplement smell.
Cons: Contains brewers yeast—potential allergen for some dogs; texture denser than poultry chews, tough for seniors with dental issues; color varies batch-to-batch.
Bottom Line: Budget-minded owners of beef-loving, storm-phobic arthritic dogs won’t find better value—just break chews in half for toy breeds or dogs with bad teeth.
5. Hemp Calming Chews for Dogs – Dog Calming Chews – Dog Anxiety Relief Treats with Hemp Oil, Turmeric, Valerian, Ginger – Health and Wellness Supplements for Dogs – Hip and Joint Support – 120 Treats
Overview: This 120-count chicken chew stacks passionflower, chamomile, valerian, hemp powder & oil plus turmeric for a fast-acting, anti-inflammatory calm-and-comfort treat sized for every breed.
What Makes It Stand Out: Passionflower is underused in competitors and may boost GABA naturally; turmeric inclusion targets exercise-induced soreness in athletic or working dogs.
Value for Money: 19.95 ¥ = 17 ¢ per chew—slightly higher than average, but the passionflower-turmeric combo replaces two separate supplements.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Starts working in 30 min, clear satisfaction guarantee, small heart-shaped chews allow precise micro-dosing for 5-lb pups, no melatonin = safe for daytime agility trials.
Cons: Fewest chews per jar (120); strong herbal smell; turmeric can loosen stool at max dose.
Bottom Line: Ideal for sport or high-drive dogs that need cool focus without sleepiness—stock up if you have multiple large breeds, but the money-back promise makes the first trial risk-free.
6. Thrivin Tails Bacon-Flavored Calming Chews for Dogs: Hemp and Melatonin Dog Anxiety Relief Treats, CBD-Infused Calming Chews and Treats for Dogs, Perfect Sleep Aid, 120 Count
Overview: Thrivin Tails delivers 120 bacon-flavored chews that combine hemp-derived CBD, melatonin, and stress-targeting botanicals to help dogs stay calm during fireworks, separation, or bedtime. The chew is sized for easy splitting, making dose adjustments simple across toy-to-giant breeds.
What Makes It Stand Out: The inclusion of actual CBD (not just hemp seed oil) paired with melatonin gives a two-pronged approach—immediate nervine relaxation plus circadian regulation—something most competitors skip. The smoky bacon aroma masks hemp’s grassy notes so well that even picky eaters gulp it down like a treat.
Value for Money: At $0.22 per chew you’re getting a functional supplement plus CBD; comparable CBD-only pet oils cost twice as much per dose. A 25-80 lb dog needs only one chew, stretching the pouch to a four-month supply.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths—verifiable CBD content, melatonin for night-time howling, generous 120-count. Weaknesses—CBD isolate (zero entourage effect), melatonin can leave very small dogs groggy next morning, bacon flavor stains light fur around the mouth if drool isn’t wiped.
Bottom Line: If your vet okays CBD, Thrivin Tails is the tastiest, most economical way to add it to an anti-anxiety toolkit; just start with half a chew for dogs under 20 lb.
7. GOODGROWLIES Advanced Calming Chews for Dogs – Hemp Treat + Melatonin + Valerian – Relaxing Bites – Calming Care – Anti-Anxiety & Stress Relief – Made in USA – Calm, Sleep Aid, Storms – 120Ct
Overview: GOODGROWLIES packs hemp, melatonin, and valerian into 120 turkey-shaped soft bites made in the USA. Marketed for storms, fireworks, and travel, the chews are soft enough to hide pills or break into training-sized pieces.
What Makes It Stand Out: Valerian root is rarely seen alongside melatonin; together they create a mild sedative action without prescription drugs. The company offers a “results or refund” promise and publishes third-party contaminant screens for each lot—transparency that’s still rare in the hemp-treat aisle.
Value for Money: At $0.21 per chew it undercuts most valerian-based calmers by 30%. One bag covers a 40-lb dog for two full months of daily use, cheaper than a single vet visit for situational tranquilizers.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths—USA sourcing, noticeably softer texture for seniors with dental issues, zero added sugar. Weaknesses—valerian’s earthy smell can repel finicky eaters, melatonin may interfere with thyroid meds, instructions print too small for tired human eyes.
Bottom Line: A trustworthy, budget-friendly middle ground between single-ingredient hemp treats and prescription sedatives—ideal for owners who want plant-based calming they can feel good about.
8. Hemp Calming Chews for Dogs Anxiety Relief – Dog Calming Treats with Melatonin, Chamomile Extract, Valerian Root – Travel Pack – Anxiety Relief Chews for Vet Visits, Grooming, Nail Trimming, Storms
Overview: This travel-sized, 60-count pouch combines hemp seed oil, chamomile, valerian, and L-theanine into chicken-flavored nuggets aimed at vet visits, grooming, and sudden storms. The zip-pouch is suitcase-friendly and TSA-compliant.
What Makes It Stand Out: The 14-cent unit price is the lowest in the category, yet the formula still carries clinically studied L-theanine (Suntheanine®). Re-sealable packaging keeps chews soft for months even in glove-box heat, a lifesaver for on-the-road anxiety.
Value for Money: $9.49 buys you enough chews for a two-week vacation or sporadic “as-needed” use—no need to invest in a 180-count tub that may expire before it’s half used. Cost per calm day is under fifty cents for a 30-lb dog.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths—ultra-portable, no CBD legal worries when crossing state lines, gentle enough for puppies. Weaknesses—hemp seed oil rather than full-spectrum extracts => milder effect, chicken flavor crumbs can settle at pouch bottom, not ideal for dogs with poultry allergies.
Bottom Line: The perfect emergency stash for road-trippers or budget-minded owners who need occasional, gentle take-the-edge-off support without committing to bulk.
9. Hemp Calming Chews for Dogs 180Ct – Dog Calming Chews – Anxiety Relief Treats and Bites for Dogs – Dog Supplements for Separation, Thunderstorms, Stress, Barking, Promote Relaxation – Chicken Flavor
Overview: A chicken-flavored, 180-count tub stuffed with chamomile, valerian, ashwagandha, L-tryptophan, and hemp. Designed for daily or event-based use, the chews tackle everything from crate whining to thunder-phobia while doubling as a hip-joint supplement thanks to added hemp omegas.
What Makes It Stand Out: The inclusion of adaptogenic ashwagandha sets it apart—helping modulate cortisol rather than just sedate. Vet endorsement letters are displayed on the listing, and a 90-day money-back guarantee removes purchase risk.
Value for Money: $0.13 per chew is near rock-bottom for an 8-active-ingredient formula. A 50-lb dog on maintenance dose consumes 30 chews monthly, translating to a $4 monthly anxiety program—less than a gourmet coffee.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths—grain/soy/corn-free, noticeable calming within 45 minutes for most dogs, soft enough to crumble over food. Weaknesses—large 180-count tub isn’t travel-friendly, chicken fat makes it unsuitable for allergic pups, effect plateaus if dosage is doubled.
Bottom Line: The best choice for multi-dog households or owners committed to long-term anxiety management; cheap, comprehensive, and canine-approved taste.
10. Hemp Calming Chews for Dogs – Advanced Dog Calming Chews – Anxiety Relief Treats Help with Composure, Separation, Barking, Thunderstorms, Stress Relief – Pet Supplement 180 Counts Chicken Flavor
Overview: These 180 chicken chews marry passion-flower, valerian, chamomile, ginger, magnesium, and ashwagandha into a non-drowsy relaxation treat. Manufactured in a GMP-certified facility, they promise composure without the “drugged” look.
What Makes It Stand Out: Magnesium citrate and passion-flower provide muscle relaxation often missing from plant-only blends, making the chew helpful for tension-barking during fence-line patrols. The company posts batch-specific QR codes linking to potency results—reassuring in a largely unregulated market.
Value for Money: Matching Product 9’s $0.13 sticker, you receive magnesium and passion-flower at no extra cost. Subscription drops price to $0.11, pushing monthly therapy under $3.50 for a 30-lb dog.
Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths—zero grains or artificial dyes, non-sedating formula keeps sporting dogs alert, magnesium helps cramp-prone seniors settle. Weaknesses—chews darken and harden once oxygen hits; needs quick reseal, scent is faint so some dogs pass on it unless wrapped in cheese.
Bottom Line: For owners who need “calm but not comatose,” this magnesium-boosted, fully transparent formula is the sweet spot between efficacy, safety, and savings.
Why CBD Dog Treats Are Booming in 2025
Pet supplements have been on a steady climb for a decade, but CBD treats crossed the exponential line when three forces collided: (1) the 2024 Farm Bill refresh that removed residual ambiguity around hemp extracts, (2) advances in nano-emulsification that increased oral bioavailability by up to 300 %, and (3) a post-pandemic pet-adoption surge that left millennials—now the largest pet-owning cohort—searching for natural wellness modalities. Add a TikTok algorithm that adores “before-and-after calm-dog” videos, and you have a category that grew 42 % year-over-year even as overall pet spending slowed.
What Sets Medipets-Style Treats Apart From Generic CBD Chews
“Medipets” has become shorthand among vets for any treat that follows medical-quality pillars: third-party certificates of analysis (COAs) for every batch, active-milligram precision on the label, functional therapeutics beyond CBD (think L-theanine or boswellia), and zero flagged contaminants. In short, they bridge the gap between supplement aisles and prescription pads. Recognizing those hallmarks instantly narrows a 500-SKU marketplace down to maybe 30 SKUs worth your dog’s time.
Decoding the Canine Endocannabinoid System (ECS)
Dogs, like humans, possess an ECS—a cell-signaling network of CB1 and CB2 receptors that regulates pain perception, mood, appetite, and immune response. Canines, however, have a higher density of CB1 receptors in the hindbrain, making them more sensitive to THC overdosing. Quality treats leverage that biology by using high-CBD, ≤0.3 % THC hemp extracts plus adjunct ingredients that either amplify ECS tone (omega-3s) or slow cannabinoid breakdown (CURCUMIN).
How CBD Addresses Anxiety vs. Pain: Different Mechanisms, Same Treat
For anxiety, CBD modulates serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and GABA flow, producing an anxiolytic effect comparable to low-dose benzodiazepines—minus sedation if dosed correctly. For pain, CBD inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inflammatory pathways, desensitizes TRPV1 nociceptors, and down-regulates cytokine storms from osteoarthritis or IVDD. A single chew can hit both targets because the ECS straddles neuronal and immune signaling.
Hemp Source & Extraction Method: Why “USA Organic” Isn’t Enough
Sure, USDA-certified organic hemp eliminates pesticide risk, but terroir matters: hemp grown in high-heavy-metal soils (legacy mining states) will still test clean for pesticides yet fail on lead. Look forRegion-specific COAs showing soil pre-screenings. Supercritical CO₂ extraction remains the gold standard; it avoids hydrocarbon residues while preserving acidic cannabinoids (CBDA, CBGA) that mayhave superior anti-nausea benefits.
Full-Spectrum, Broad-Spectrum, or Isolate? A 2025 Update
Full-spectrum means ≤0.3 % delta-9-THC—legal but risky for THC-sensitive breeds (greyhounds, herding dogs with MDR1 mutation). Broad-spectrum strips THC yet keeps minor cannabinoids and terpenes. Isolate is 99 % CBD, flavorless, odorless, and safe for competition dogs subject to AKC/FEI blood rules. In 2025, broad-spectrum nano powders are winning because they deliver an “entourage effect” without THC, and they blend cleanly into soft chews at room temperature.
Reading a COA Like a Lab Tech: Potency, Pesticides, Heavy Metals, Microbes
Start at the top: “Total CBD” should be ±10 % of label claim. Anything outside that band signals poor batch control. Scan the pesticides panel—California’s REP list is now stricter than federal; if a brand ships nationwide, demand 50-state compliance. Heavy metals should read in parts per billion, not just ppm; chronic micro-dosing means lower thresholds. Finally, make sure salmonella, E. coli, and bile-tolerant Gram-negatives are “ND” (none detected), not “<LOQ,” which can hide trace growth.
Dosage Science: mg/kg vs. Situational Microdosing
Older veterinary papers cite 0.5–2 mg kg⁻¹ for osteoarthritis, but 2024 kinetic studies show plasma CBD spikes higher when administered with a small triglyceride fat ball (think 1 tsp MCT inside the chew). For storm phobia, owners increasingly use situational microdosing—splitting the daily allotment into three servings starting 90 minutes before the predicted trigger (barometric drop, fireworks sound check). Track response via a 5-point canine anxiety scale; increase by 0.25 mg kg⁻¹ increments every other storm until you hit the sweet spot.
Functional Botanicals & Synergistic Ingredients to Watch
L-theanine boosts alpha-wave calm without drowsiness; boswellia inhibits 5-LOX inflammation; curcumin down-regulates NF-κB; omega-3s rebuild joint cartilage and improve cannabinoid membrane permeation. New on the 2025 scene is palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous fatty acid amide that works via PPAR-α and TRPV1. In combo with CBD, PEA allows 30 % lower CBD dose for equivalent pain relief—huge for cost-conscious large-breed owners.
Caloric & Macronutrient Considerations for Weight-Controlled Dogs
A 50-lab on a weight-management plan can’t afford an extra 30 kcal per chew. Look for lean-protein bases (insect meal, hydrolyzed fish), sugar-free binders (sweet potato, pumpkin pectin), and portion-flexible formats (mini 5 mg “training bites”) that let you titrate CBD without blowing the caloric budget. Bonus: low-glycemic carriers blunt post-prandial glucose spikes that can worsen joint inflammation.
Soft Chews vs. Crunchy Biscuits: Absorption, Palatability & Dental Impact
Soft chews incorporate emulsified CBD oils, giving them faster disintegration (T₄₅ in stomach ≤8 min) and higher first-pass uptake. Crunchy biscuits rely on surface-coated isolates; dogs love the crunch, but up to 40 % of CBD can stick to the bag as “dust.” Dental upside: crunchy biscuit mechanical abrasion can reduce tartar by 8 %; downside: arthritic senior dogs often can’t chew them. Solution? Offer soft chews for therapeutic speed, crunchy dental sticks for daytime enrichment.
Allergen-Free & Novel Protein Trends in 2025 Formulations
Chicken-fat flavoring hidden in “vegetarian” treats is the #1 allergen trap. Demand a full ingredient call-out. Novel proteins—kangaroo, alligator, Asian carp—minimize immune cross-reactivity while offering eco-friendly sourcing. For vegan households, hemp-seed protein plus chickpea flour provides complete amino acids, but ensure CBD is micro-encapsulated to mask hemp’s bitter chlorophyll edge.
Traveling & Competitive Events: TSA, AKC, and Cross-Border Rules
Domestic U.S. flights allow hemp-derived CBD with ≤0.3 % THC, but keep printed COAs in carry-on. AKC currently does not test for cannabinoids in blood; however, international agility competitions under FCI may require a vet health certificate declaring “no THC.” When driving into Canada, note that Health Canada still classifies CBD as a prescription drug; a 30-day personal exemption exists, but documentation must be in bilingual format.
Storage, Shelf-Life & Oxidation: How to Keep Cannabinoids Potent
CBD oxidizes to CBN, which is sedating but 75 % less anti-inflammatory. Once the pouch is opened, transfer soft chews to an amber glass jar, add a food-grade desiccant, and refrigerate. Expect 12-month labeled shelf life to drop to 6 months once opened. For bulk buyers, nitrogen-flushed, individually wrapped sticks are worth the extra $0.12 per chew in retained potency alone.
Red Flags: Marketing Claims That Should Make You Walk Away
“Vet-approved” without a named DVM or license number. “THC-free” without a COA proving non-detect. “Made in an FDA-approved facility” (the FDA does not “approve” pet-treat factories). “Cures cancer,” “stops seizures instantly,” or any disease-diagnosis promise that violates FDA-CVM regs. Stock photos of white-coat “vets” who are actually models. If you see these, close the tab.
Price-Per-Milligram Math & Subscription Economics
Forget sticker price; calculate cost per active CBD milligram. In 2025, soft-chews average $0.18 mg⁻¹ for broad-spectrum, $0.23 mg⁻¹ for nano-emulsified, $0.12 mg⁻¹ for isolate biscuits. Subscription discounts range 15–30 %, but lock-in only if the brand offers quarterly third-party retesting—even the best labs drift. Track with a spreadsheet; treat it like any other chronic medication budget.
Integrating Treats Into a Holistic Anxiety & Pain Plan
CBD is a tool, not a silver bullet. Combine with: (1) enriched environment—snuffle mats, lick mats, scent games; (2) weight optimization—each pound lost off a 50-lb dog equals 4-lb off a human knee; (3) low-impact exercise—underwater treadmill, cavaletti poles; (4) pharmaceuticals when indicated—NSAIDs, gabapentin, fluoxetine. Communicate changes via a shared Google Sheet with your vet; dose adjustments happen faster when everyone sees the same data.
Frequently Asked Questions
-
Will CBD treats make my dog high?
No—hemp-derived CBD contains ≤0.3 % THC, non-intoxicating for canines. Look for “non-detect” THC on the COA to be extra safe with sensitive breeds. -
How long before a stressful event should I give the treat?
Offer 30–90 minutes beforehand; nano-emulsified formulas act fastest (30 min), while oil-infused soft chews average 60–90 min. -
Can my dog overdose on CBD?
Extremely high doses (≥20 mg kg⁻¹) may cause temporary lethargy or loose stool. Always titrate slowly and consult your vet if using alongside other medications. -
Are there drug interactions I should worry about?
CBD can raise blood levels of certain anti-seizure meds (phenobarbital, potassium bromide) and some NSAIDs. Schedule a vet review of current prescriptions before starting treats. -
Do I need a prescription?
No—hemp CBD treats are over-the-counter supplements, but discussing dosage with a veterinarian is strongly recommended. -
How do I know if the treat is working?
Track behavioral metrics: time to settle, gait score, or stairs climbed. Many owners notice subtle improvements within 3–5 days, with peak benefits after two weeks of consistent dosing. -
Is human CBD oil the same as pet CBD treats?
Ingredient-wise, yes, but pet treats include dog-safe flavorings and exact-dose convenience. Human products may contain xylitol or essential oils toxic to dogs—stick with species-specific formats. -
Can I give CBD treats daily?
Yes—daily administration maintains stable plasma levels, ideal for chronic osteoarthritis or persistent anxiety. Break the total dose into morning and evening to smooth blood concentrations. -
Will my dog test positive for THC at a vet visit?
Routine vet bloodwork does not screen for cannabinoids. Only specialized toxicology panels (run if THC toxicity is suspected) will detect THC, and legal hemp treats stay below threshold. -
Are there age or breed restrictions?
Puppies under 12 weeks and pregnant or lactating females lack safety data; avoid unless under direct veterinary guidance. Herding breeds carrying the MDR1 mutation should use THC-free broad-spectrum options.