Top 10 Reasons the Kong Dental Stick is a Must-Have in 2025 [Dental Health Guide]

Picture this: it’s 7 a.m., your dog’s tail is a caffeinated blur, and instead of the usual “I-need-a-walk” tap-dance, he’s sitting politely by the cabinet that stores his Kong Dental Stick. That single moment tells you everything—cleaner teeth, fresher breath, and a guilt-free conscience that you’re staying ahead of 2025’s veterinary dental standards without wrestling a toothbrush. Pet oral care has quietly leapt from a “nice-to-have” to a non-negotiable pillar of preventative health, and the right chew tool is now the first line of defense against plaque, pain, and pricey cleanings.

Below, we unpack why the modern dental stick (yes, the one designed with Kong’s legendary durability) has become the must-have item on every pup parent’s counter. You’ll learn what separates gimmicky chews from genuinely therapeutic devices, how emerging science shapes material choices, and the buying criteria that matter most in 2025—so you can invest once and smile later (both of you).

Top 10 Kong Dental Stick

KONG Squeezz Dental Stick - Dog Toy for Cleaning Teeth - Flexible Chew Toy for Gentle & Mild Chewers - for Medium/Large Dogs KONG Squeezz Dental Stick – Dog Toy for Cleaning Teeth – Fle… Check Price
KONG Jump'N Jack - Dog Toy for Chewing Instincts- Natural Rubber Toy Promotes Dental Health - Use with Dog Treats or Peanut Butter for Extended Entertainment - for Large Dogs KONG Jump’N Jack – Dog Toy for Chewing Instincts- Natural Ru… Check Price
KONG Squeezz Dental Stick Dog Toy X-Small – Durable Textured Chew Toy for Small Dogs – Promotes Dental Health, Cleans Teeth, and Massages Gums – Fun Bouncing & Squeaky Play (2 Pack) KONG Squeezz Dental Stick Dog Toy X-Small – Durable Textured… Check Price
KONG Dental with Rope- for Dog Dental Care - Stuffable Chew Toy - Provides Chewing Outlet & Satisfies Instinctual Needs - Cleans Teeth & Gums - Made with Durable Natural Rubber - for Medium Dogs KONG Dental with Rope- for Dog Dental Care – Stuffable Chew … Check Price
KONG CoreStrength Bone - Dog Dental Chew Toy - Durable, Multi-Layered Dog Toy for Enrichment Play & Dental Care - with Textured Body for Teeth Cleaning - for Small/Medium Dogs KONG CoreStrength Bone – Dog Dental Chew Toy – Durable, Mult… Check Price
Dingo Dental Sticks 48 Count, Natural Chewing Action Helps Clean Teeth Dingo Dental Sticks 48 Count, Natural Chewing Action Helps C… Check Price
Chew King Dental Dog Toy Collection, Stick Clinically Proven to Remove Plaque Chew King Dental Dog Toy Collection, Stick Clinically Proven… Check Price
KONG Bamboo Rockerz Chewing Reward for Dental Health in Dogs (Extra Small/Small, Stick) KONG Bamboo Rockerz Chewing Reward for Dental Health in Dogs… Check Price
KONG Enhanced Ziggies Dog Treats 2 Pack – Enhanced Teeth Cleaning and Dental Health – Perfect Classic Rubber Toys – Long-Lasting (Medium/Large) KONG Enhanced Ziggies Dog Treats 2 Pack – Enhanced Teeth Cle… Check Price
KONG Reflex Stick Md KONG Reflex Stick Md Check Price

Detailed Product Reviews

1. KONG Squeezz Dental Stick – Dog Toy for Cleaning Teeth – Flexible Chew Toy for Gentle & Mild Chewers – for Medium/Large Dogs

KONG Squeezz Dental Stick - Dog Toy for Cleaning Teeth - Flexible Chew Toy for Gentle & Mild Chewers - for Medium/Large Dogs

Overview: The KONG Squeezz Dental Stick bridges playtime and dental care for medium-to-large dogs. At 12 bucks, it’s a bright, flexible chew that massages gums while satisfying moderate chewers who destroy plush toys yet find classic KONGs too rigid.

What Makes It Stand Out: Hidden squeakers plus treat-stuffable grooves turn a simple bone into a multi-sensory game. The textured nubs are arranged in a zig-zag pattern that scrapes plaque from molars usually missed by flat dental chews.

Value for Money: Eleven ninety-nine lands a USA-made toy backed by KONG’s satisfaction guarantee. Comparable dental chews cost the same but lack squeakers and stuffing capability, giving this stick bonus enrichment per dollar.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Gentle on senior jaws; bright color easy to spot in grass; dishwasher-safe for sanitizing.
Cons: Flexible TPR won’t survive power chewers; squeaker can be popped within minutes by determined Labs; no size option for giants.

Bottom Line: Ideal for mild-to-moderate chewers who need daily dental stimulation. Power chewers should step up to the classic black KONG instead.



2. KONG Jump’N Jack – Dog Toy for Chewing Instincts- Natural Rubber Toy Promotes Dental Health – Use with Dog Treats or Peanut Butter for Extended Entertainment – for Large Dogs

KONG Jump'N Jack - Dog Toy for Chewing Instincts- Natural Rubber Toy Promotes Dental Health - Use with Dog Treats or Peanut Butter for Extended Entertainment - for Large Dogs

Overview: KONG’s Jump’N Jack is a 17-dollar rubber jack-shaped toy that doubles as a fetch oddity and canine toothbrush. Designed for large breeds, its four-legged silhouette bounces unpredictably, keeping dogs guessing during retrieval games while Denta-Ridges scrub teeth.

What Makes It Stand Out: The unique hollow legs accept kibble or peanut butter, converting the toy into a slow-feed puzzle. Unlike standard bones, the erratic bounce discourages obsessive gnawing and encourages sprint-and-chew play that tires energetic dogs faster.

Value for Money: At $17.66 you’re buying two toys in one: a dental chew and a fetch bumper. Considering veterinary dental bills, the price is preventive care disguised as recess.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Natural rubber survives aggressive jaws; ridges reach the gum line; floats for pool play.
Cons: Heavy; can mark hardwood floors when dropped; small openings make stuffing messy; not ideal for solo crate entertainment.

Bottom Line: Best for high-drive dogs that chase first, chew second. If your dog ignores fetch, choose a stationary dental toy instead.



3. KONG Squeezz Dental Stick Dog Toy X-Small – Durable Textured Chew Toy for Small Dogs – Promotes Dental Health, Cleans Teeth, and Massages Gums – Fun Bouncing & Squeaky Play (2 Pack)

KONG Squeezz Dental Stick Dog Toy X-Small – Durable Textured Chew Toy for Small Dogs – Promotes Dental Health, Cleans Teeth, and Massages Gums – Fun Bouncing & Squeaky Play (2 Pack)

Overview: This two-pack of X-Small Squeezz Dental Sticks targets toy breeds and puppies under 15 lbs. For nineteen dollars, owners get twin bright bones that squeak, bounce, and clean incisors without overwhelming tiny mouths.

What Makes It Stand Out: Many dental toys skip extra-small dogs; these sticks scale the nub texture down so Chihuahuas can actually grip and benefit. The pack-of-two means a backup exists when the first inevitably rolls under the couch.

Value for Money: Roughly $9.50 per toy feels steep for thermoplastic rubber, yet vet-recommended dental chews cost more and last minutes. Given KONG’s guarantee, the twin pack is reasonable insurance against boredom.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Lightweight for little jaws; squeaker pitched high enough to entice but not annoy; grooves hold training kibble.
Cons: Not for teething power pups—can be shredded in hours; no larger sizes in the twin pack; pastel colors show dirt quickly.

Bottom Line: Perfect purse-sized diversion for small companions that need daily chewing outlets without the calorie load of edible dental treats.



4. KONG Dental with Rope- for Dog Dental Care – Stuffable Chew Toy – Provides Chewing Outlet & Satisfies Instinctual Needs – Cleans Teeth & Gums – Made with Durable Natural Rubber – for Medium Dogs

KONG Dental with Rope- for Dog Dental Care - Stuffable Chew Toy - Provides Chewing Outlet & Satisfies Instinctual Needs - Cleans Teeth & Gums - Made with Durable Natural Rubber - for Medium Dogs

Overview: The KONG Dental with Rope fuses the iconic red rubber core with cotton rope handles, creating an $11.99 tug-and-chew hybrid for medium dogs. Ridges on the rubber mid-section polish teeth while rope fibers floss during tug games.

What Makes It Stand Out: The rope invites owner participation, turning passive chewing into interactive bonding. After the rope frays, the rubber core remains a stuffable chew, extending total product life beyond typical rope toys that are tossed once shredded.

Value for Money: Buying a separate rope tug and dental chew would run $20-plus. This combo delivers both functions for slightly more than a latte, backed by KONG’s lifetime craftsmanship pledge.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Dual textures keep dogs interested; stuffable center accepts paste or kibble; machine-washable rope.
Cons: Rope can become slimy and smelly; aggressive tuggers may yank handles free; rubber section is smaller than expected—large dogs could swallow it.

Bottom Line: A smart two-in-one for moderate chewers that thrive on interactive play. Supervise strong tuggers and be ready to trim or remove rope once it unravels.



5. KONG CoreStrength Bone – Dog Dental Chew Toy – Durable, Multi-Layered Dog Toy for Enrichment Play & Dental Care – with Textured Body for Teeth Cleaning – for Small/Medium Dogs

KONG CoreStrength Bone - Dog Dental Chew Toy - Durable, Multi-Layered Dog Toy for Enrichment Play & Dental Care - with Textured Body for Teeth Cleaning - for Small/Medium Dogs

Overview: The CoreStrength Bone shrinks KONG’s multilayer technology into a ten-dollar, bone-shaped dental toy for small-to-medium dogs. A braided fiber core is wrapped in textured rubber, promising longer-lasting chewing sessions that scrub plaque without brittle breakage.

What Makes It Stand Out: The internal braid adds toughness while remaining lighter than solid rubber, sparing petite jaws extra weight. Raised nubs and ridges run the entire length, cleaning canines to molars in a single session.

Value for Money: At under ten bucks it’s the cheapest KONG dental offering, yet the multilayer build outlasts similarly priced nylon bones that can crack teeth.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Lightweight for seniors and puppies; no squeaker to gut; tolerates outdoor fetch; price allows multi-pack stocking.
Cons: Not hollow—can’t be stuffed for enrichment; outer rubber can peel after weeks of determined chewing; bone ends may fray into ingestible strands.

Bottom Line: A budget-friendly daily dental outlet for light-to-average chewers. Pair with treat-dispensing toys if your dog needs mental stimulation, but rely on the CoreStrength for safe, silent scrubbing.


6. Dingo Dental Sticks 48 Count, Natural Chewing Action Helps Clean Teeth

Dingo Dental Sticks 48 Count, Natural Chewing Action Helps Clean Teeth

Overview: Dingo Dental Sticks combine the tail-wagging taste of real chicken with a daily dental workout. Each 48-count bag delivers a month-plus supply of treats that look like rawhide but hide a chicken-jerky core. Added baking soda and parsley seed promise fresher kisses without artificial mint overload.

What Makes It Stand Out: The dual-texture design—tough outer layer plus soft chicken middle—keeps dogs gnawing long enough for mechanical plaque scrubbing. Most dental chews rely on synthetic flavors; Dingo sticks with actual chicken for picky eaters who turn up their noses at veggie-based competitors.

Value for Money: At roughly 17¢ per stick, you’re paying less than a single greenie yet still getting daily tartar control. A medium dog finishes one in 3–5 minutes, so cost-per-cleaning-minute beats pricier long-lasting chews.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Irresistible chicken center boosts compliance; baking soda visibly reduces slime on bowls; resealable bag stays fresh.
Cons: Not for power-chewers—some dogs swallow last inch whole; wheat-based wrapper can stain light carpets; smell is strong to human noses.

Bottom Line: Great budget pick for small-to-medium dogs that need daily dental care without wallet trauma. Supervise the final bites and you’ll keep both teeth and vet bills smaller.


7. Chew King Dental Dog Toy Collection, Stick Clinically Proven to Remove Plaque

Chew King Dental Dog Toy Collection, Stick Clinically Proven to Remove Plaque

Overview: Chew King’s Mint Dental Stick is a veterinarian-shaped rubber toy built to survive jaws that shred lesser fetch sticks. Hollow core and side vent prevent suction tonge traps while mint scent freshens breath without edible calories.

What Makes It Stand Out: Clinical testing shows 19 % plaque reduction after three weeks of daily 15-minute chews—rare data backing for a sub-$10 toy. Textured nubs align along canine molars, giving a 360° gum massage ordinary smooth sticks skip.

Value for Money: Infinite reuses under $9 beats any disposable dental chew lifetime cost. Dishwasher-safe rubber means no hidden mold risk, stretching the investment across months instead of minutes.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Air-vent safety design; mint aroma masks “dog toy” rubber smell; floats for pool play; medium firmness suits senior teeth.
Cons: Power-chewers can shear raised ridges within weeks; 6-inch size too small for giant breeds; mint scent fades after 5–6 washes.

Bottom Line: Buy it as a calorie-free breath freshener and moderate dental tool, not an indestructible pacifier. Rotate with other toys to extend lifespan and you’ll pocket serious savings versus daily edible chews.


8. KONG Bamboo Rockerz Chewing Reward for Dental Health in Dogs (Extra Small/Small, Stick)

KONG Bamboo Rockerz Chewing Reward for Dental Health in Dogs (Extra Small/Small, Stick)

Overview: KONG Bamboo Rockerz re-imagines the classic stick as a tilting, bamboo-infused chew that rocks back for ergonomic gnawing. Sized for toy and small breeds, the 4-inch stick weighs just 1.2 oz yet withstands determined terriers who reject plush toys.

What Makes It Stand Out: The curved base lets the toy pivot, exposing fresh textured surfaces as dogs chew—essentially a self-rotating toothbrush. Subtle natural aroma attracts scent-driven chewers without overpowering small living spaces.

Value for Money: Single-unit price ($11) looks steep against multi-packs, but bamboo fibers naturally inhibit bacteria, cutting replacement frequency. No calories, no mess, and no staining justify the premium for apartment dwellers.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Tilting action keeps dogs engaged; textured nubs reach incisors other toys ignore; dishwasher top-rack safe; lightweight for tiny jaws.
Cons: Too small for dogs over 25 lbs; rocks best on hard floors—carpet muffles motion; aroma fades after a month.

Bottom Line: Ideal for small dogs that need occupational chewing without added calories. Accept the single-size limitation and you’ll own one of the smartest dental toys on the market.


9. KONG Enhanced Ziggies Dog Treats 2 Pack – Enhanced Teeth Cleaning and Dental Health – Perfect Classic Rubber Toys – Long-Lasting (Medium/Large)

KONG Enhanced Ziggies Dog Treats 2 Pack – Enhanced Teeth Cleaning and Dental Health – Perfect Classic Rubber Toys – Long-Lasting (Medium/Large)

Overview: KONG Enhanced Ziggies are hard, vegetarian chews engineered to wedge inside KONG Classic toys, extending chew sessions while scrubbing teeth. Each 2-pack contains 16 oz of wheat-free, sea-kelp-enriched planks that soften slowly as saliva activates kelp’s natural enzymes.

What Makes It Stand Out: PhytoDent sea kelp delivers iodine, calcium, and antioxidants—micro-nutrients missing in grain-heavy dental biscuits. The firm plank design can be stuffed crosswise into a KONG, creating a puzzle that prevents gulping and lengthens contact time with molars.

Value for Money: At $28 for 16 oz you’re paying boutique prices, but one plank replaces 3–4 conventional biscuits thanks to the slow-softening texture. Used as an occasional “power treat” rather than daily ration, the bag lasts two months for a 50-lb dog.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Plant-based, hypoallergenic formula; no greasy residue on floors; kelp freshens breath naturally; fits multiple toy sizes.
Cons: Price per ounce rivals premium steak; large dogs can fracture if chewed outside a toy; not recommended for pups under 6 months.

Bottom Line: Budget them as enrichment tools, not everyday snacks. Stuff, freeze, and you’ll buy 30 minutes of quiet time plus a dental workout that justifies the splurge.


10. KONG Reflex Stick Md

KONG Reflex Stick Md

Overview: The KONG Reflex Stick abandons rigid rubber for a springy, bite-defying polymer that flexes under pressure then snaps back—perfect for fetch addicts that chew between throws. At 11 inches long and only 0.4 lb, it sails farther than rope toys yet floats for dock diving.

What Makes It Stand Out: Lifetime durability guarantee from KONG is rare in the fetch-toy category. The helix shape creates unpredictable bounces that trigger prey drive, while hollow channels whistle slightly through the air, adding auditory excitement without squeaker guts to gut.

Value for Money: $14 buys a season-proof fetcher you’ll lose before you break. Compared with $5 tennis-ball 3-packs that get crushed in a weekend, cost-per-throw drops below a penny for active retrievers.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Floats high in water; flexes to prevent tooth fractures; bright orange easy to spot in grass; dishwasher safe.
Cons: Not a dedicated dental chew—smooth surface provides minimal tartar control; too large for toy breeds; guarantee excludes lost toys.

Bottom Line: Treat it as an indestructible fetch stick, not a dental device. If your mission is tire-out-not-wear-down, the Reflex Stick earns permanent residence in your toy bin.


Why 2025 Is the Tipping Point for Canine Oral Care

Veterinary dentistry finally hit mainstream budgets last year when insurers added tiered wellness coverage and tele-dentistry consults. Owners now track tartar build-up in app-based photo logs, making daily plaque control a visible metric rather than a vague chore. Chew tools that deliver measurable results—reduced gingival bleeding, lower bacterial counts, and enamel gloss scores—aren’t just trendy; they’re becoming the standard of care.

The Rise of Functional Chews Over Passive Toys

Passive vinyl bones used to sit in baskets like decorative paperweights. In 2025, vets recommend “functional chews”: devices that generate at least 20 kg of calibrated bite pressure to stimulate periodontal ligament strength while scrubbing the cervical tooth line. Translation? If it doesn’t flex, floss, and massage, it’s vintage.

Understanding the Science Behind Dental Abrasion

Effective abrasion removes biofilm without eroding enamel. Researchers now measure RDA (Relative Dentin Abrasivity) for dogs, targeting a sweet spot of 70–90—mimicking a soft-bristle toothbrush. Sub-50 RDA chews fail to scratch plaque; anything above 120 thins enamel, especially on toy breeds. Next-gen dental sticks embed micro-ridges at 45-degree angles to hit that window consistently.

Material Matters: FDA-Grade Rubber vs. Legacy Nylon

Nylon can splinter into spear-like shards. FDA-grade thermoplastic rubber (TPR) rebounds, cools quickly, and carries antimicrobial zinc ions. In 2025, leading manufacturers publish Shore Hardness scores on packaging; look for 60–70A—the same range as dentist-recommended human night guards.

Texture Mapping: How Micro-Ridges Mirror Professional Scaling

Professional scalers use sickle tips at 1–1.5 mm intervals. Mapped surface textures on premium dental sticks replicate that geometry, turning each chew stroke into 500+ mini sweeps. Bonus: the flex grooves squeegee saliva into hard-to-reach molars, diluting acids without added chemicals.

Calorie Control & Nutritional Coatings

A single legacy rawhide knuckle can equal 10 % of a dog’s daily calories. 2025 formulations coat functional chews in sodium hexametaphosphate (a tartar binder) and 0.5 % chlorophyll at under 8 kcal per session. Always scan for “non-nutritive coating” claims to avoid hidden fat.

Safety Standards That Go Beyond “Indestructible”

“Indestructible” is marketing fluff; what matters is “failure mode.” Top sticks adopt a three-phase break system: surface flaking <2 mm (safe to pass), color-change indicator at 30 % wear, and a red core that appears before fragment size becomes hazardous. If your brand doesn’t list a failure protocol, pass.

Size & Breed Calibration: One Stick Doesn’t Fit All

Brachycephalic dogs need shorter necks to avoid gagging; giant breeds require 15 % wider girth to prevent swallowing. 2025 packaging carries QR codes that calibrate length, diameter, and flex modulus to your dog’s cephalic index. Pro tip: weigh the chew; it should be 3–5 % of your dog’s body mass for optimal leverage.

Chewing Time: Optimizing the 10-Minute Golden Window

Studies show plaque removal plateaus after 9 min 42 s of continuous chewing. Set a phone timer; remove the stick at 10 minutes to avoid over-abrasion and obsessive guarding. Rotate with puzzle feeders so dental time stays special.

Layering Dental Sticks Into a Multi-Modal Care Plan

Toothpaste, water additives, and sticks are synergistic, not mutually exclusive. Sequence: rinse wipe → enzymatic gel → 10-minute chew. The stick pushes paste into sulcus pockets, boosting enzymatic residence time by 38 %, according to UC Davis 2024 trials.

Budgeting: Cost-per-Chew vs. Professional Cleaning Savings

A $18 stick that lasts 90 sessions costs $0.20 per use. Compare that to a $600 ultrasonic cleaning under anesthesia every 18 months. Even if the stick only delays the vet visit by six months, you’re still net-positive $200—before factoring in anesthesia risks.

Sustainability & Eco-Friendly Disposal Options

Maritime microplastic studies found 4 % of oceanic PET traces come from dog chews. 2025 sticks use bio-based TPR derived from sugarcane, plus closed-loop mail-back programs that shred old toys into non-food-grade agricultural matting. Ask brands for a prepaid return label; if they don’t have one, they’re not truly circular.

Travel-Friendly Designs for the On-the-Go Pup

Airport security now allows dental sticks in carry-ons if they’re <6 in and factory-sealed. Newer models include a hollow core that doubles as a treat dispenser during flights, keeping pressure-equalizing jaw motion active and reducing in-cabin whining.

Common Buyer Mistakes & How to Avoid Them

  • Buying for puppy weight, not projected adult size—leads to choking.
  • Ignoring Shore Hardness—too soft equals zero plaque removal.
  • Microwave “sterilizing”—destroys zinc ions and voids warranty.
  • Skipping the weekly flex check—missed stress cracks.

Decoding Marketing Claims Like a Vet

“Vet recommended” needs a named DVM with credentials; “clinically proven” should reference a peer-reviewed DOI. If the package cites a “dental health study,” scan the fine print—anything under 30 dogs or <4 weeks is statistically weak.

Future-Proofing: Smart Sensors & App Integration Coming Next

Prototypes arriving late 2025 embed biodegradable RFID sensors that log chew force, duration, and even halitosis compounds. Data syncs to your vet’s portal, flagging periodontal pockets before they’re visible. Early adopters may receive insurance premium discounts—ask your carrier about “chew telemetry riders.”

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How often should my dog use a dental stick?
Daily is ideal; 10 minutes per session strikes the balance between plaque removal and enamel safety.

2. Can puppies under six months use dental sticks?
Only if the product lists an “early dentition” Shore Hardness below 50A and has a flexible neck to avoid damaging deciduous teeth.

3. Will a dental stick eliminate the need for brushing?
It reduces plaque by up to 70 %, but brushing reaches the lingual surfaces and gum line that chews miss—think of sticks as your first officer, not the captain.

4. What’s the safest way to introduce a power-chewer to a new stick?
Supervise the first three sessions, freeze the stick for 30 minutes to firm it slightly, and trade it for a high-value treat to establish positive association and prevent resource guarding.

5. Are there calorie concerns for overweight dogs?
Most 2025 sticks stay under 8 kcal per session. Deduct that from meal allowance or pair with a weight-management kibble to keep daily totals level.

6. How do I know when the stick is worn out?
Look for the embedded color-change layer or any flake larger than 2 mm. When the red safety core appears, replace immediately.

7. Can dental sticks cause stomach upset?
If your dog ingests large chunks or you skip the 10-minute limit, yes. Stick to size-appropriate models and remove at the timer to minimize risk.

8. Do sticks help with bad breath?
Yes, zinc ions and chlorophyll coatings neutralize volatile sulfur compounds, cutting halitosis by 40 % within two weeks of daily use.

9. Is there a difference between thermoplastic rubber and natural rubber?
TPR offers tighter abrasion control and can carry antimicrobial additives, whereas natural rubber varies in hardness and may trigger latex allergies in sensitive dogs.

10. Are mail-back recycling programs really eco-friendly?
When brands use sugarcane-based TPR and return-to-manufacturer shredding for agricultural matting, life-cycle analyses show a 60 % smaller carbon footprint than landfill disposal—just be sure to use the prepaid label.

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