10 Best and Safest Dog Tug of War Toys for 2026 [Expert Picks]

Tug-of-war is the only game that lets your dog flex both muscle and mind—yet one wrong toy can turn a fun workout into an expensive vet visit. With 2025 bringing a fresh wave of “indestructible” claims and TikTok-trending shapes, how do you separate marketing hype from genuinely safe gear? Below, you’ll learn exactly what veterinarians, physiotherapists, and certified trainers scrutinize before giving any tug toy the green light, so you can shop once and play forever.

Top 10 Dog Tug Of War

Feeko Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Large Breed Aggressive Chewers, 2 Pack Indestructible Teeth Cleaning Tug of War Toy Feeko Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Large Breed Aggressive Ch… Check Price
KONG Tug Toy - Dog Supplies for Tug of War - Natural Rubber Dog Toy for Outdoor & Indoor Playtime - for Medium/Large Dogs KONG Tug Toy – Dog Supplies for Tug of War – Natural Rubber … Check Price
Chuckit! Ultra Duo Tug Dog Toy - Two Ultra Balls on a Durable Nylon Cord Handle - Fetch and Tug-of-War Toy for Dogs - Size Medium - For Breeds 20-60 lbs - 2.5-inch Diameter - Orange and Blue Chuckit! Ultra Duo Tug Dog Toy – Two Ultra Balls on a Durabl… Check Price
Eefitoys Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Aggressive Chewers, Tough Tug of War Dog Toys for Large, Medium & Small Dogs – 5 Pack Including 2 Ropes & 3 Supplies Eefitoys Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Aggressive Chewers, To… Check Price
ZippyPaws - RopeTugz Blue Monkey Dog Toy - Durable Rope, Squeaky Chew Toy, Perfect for Tug of War, Suitable for Small, Medium, and Large Breeds - Machine Washable ZippyPaws – RopeTugz Blue Monkey Dog Toy – Durable Rope, Squ… Check Price
Feeko Dog Toys for Aggressive Chewers Large Breed, 15 inch Interactive Long Lasting Dogs Toy with Convex Design Natural Rubber Tug-of-war Toy for Medium Large Tooth Clean(Red) Feeko Dog Toys for Aggressive Chewers Large Breed, 15 inch I… Check Price
Fida Dog Rope Toys for Large/Medium Aggressive Chewers, Tough Cotton Chew Toy, 3 Feet 5 Knots Indestructible, Tug of War Dog Pull Rope Teeth Cleaning Fida Dog Rope Toys for Large/Medium Aggressive Chewers, Toug… Check Price
Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Aggressive Chewers - 2 Pack Indestructible Tug of War Toys for Medium to Large Breeds, 100% Cotton for Boredom and Teeth Cleaning Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Aggressive Chewers – 2 Pack Ind… Check Price
Mammoth Flossy Chews Rope Tug – Premium Cotton-Poly Tug Toy for Dogs – Interactive Rope Toy (Colors May Vary) Mammoth Flossy Chews Rope Tug – Premium Cotton-Poly Tug Toy … Check Price
Forfon Heavy Duty Dog Toy for Aggressive Chewers – Tough Chew Toys for Large Dogs, Ideal for Tug-of-War & Teeth Cleaning, with 3 Rope Toys & 2 Dog Bags Forfon Heavy Duty Dog Toy for Aggressive Chewers – Tough Che… Check Price

Detailed Product Reviews

1. Feeko Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Large Breed Aggressive Chewers, 2 Pack Indestructible Teeth Cleaning Tug of War Toy

Feeko Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Large Breed Aggressive Chewers, 2 Pack Indestructible Teeth Cleaning Tug of War Toy

Overview: Feeko’s two-pack of extra-large cotton ropes targets big, power-chewing dogs that shred ordinary toys in minutes. At 27″ and 20″, the knots give both owner and pup ample gripping room for marathon tug sessions while doubling as flossing tools.

What Makes It Stand Out: The sheer size and thickness—most “large” ropes stop at 24″—plus the dental-grade cotton fibers that actually flex between teeth instead of simply fraying. You get two distinct knot patterns for the price most brands charge for one rope.

Value for Money: Thirteen dollars for two wash-and-wear, chemical-free dental chews is budget-friendly; replacing chewed-up furniture or paying for a dental cleaning costs far more.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Zero synthetic smell, machine-washable, genuinely flosses molars, inexpensive enough to retire when soiled.
Cons: Cotton eventually unravels, leaving stringy “dreadlocks” on carpets; not a solo chew—aggressive dogs can gnaw through a knot in days if left unattended.

Bottom Line: A smart starter kit for new large-dog owners who want safe, interactive play without sticker shock. Supervise, wash periodically, and you’ll get weeks of tugging and cleaner canine canines.



2. KONG Tug Toy – Dog Supplies for Tug of War – Natural Rubber Dog Toy for Outdoor & Indoor Playtime – for Medium/Large Dogs

KONG Tug Toy - Dog Supplies for Tug of War - Natural Rubber Dog Toy for Outdoor & Indoor Playtime - for Medium/Large Dogs

Overview: KONG’s figure-eight tug toy uses the same springy natural rubber found in their classic stuffable cone, but reshapes it into a 13″ ergonomic handle that flexes then snaps back during spirited pulls.

What Makes It Stand Out: The grippy, textured rings stay securely in human hands yet feel soft on canine jaws; the rubber’s rebound action adds resistance that satisfies drivey dogs without rope-burned palms.

Value for Money: At sixteen dollars it’s mid-range, but KONG’s USA-made durability and lifetime satisfaction guarantee translate to pennies per play if you register the product.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Weather-proof, rinses clean in seconds, floats, no stuffing or strings to ingest, comfortable two-hand grip for owners with limited dexterity.
Cons: Heavier than fabric tugs (not a fetch toy), rubber aroma can deter picky pups, and determined chewers can notch the rings over time—supervise.

Bottom Line: Ideal for structured tug as a reward in training or rainy-day indoor exercise. If your dog already loves KONG rubber, this is the safest upgrade from frayed ropes.



3. Chuckit! Ultra Duo Tug Dog Toy – Two Ultra Balls on a Durable Nylon Cord Handle – Fetch and Tug-of-War Toy for Dogs – Size Medium – For Breeds 20-60 lbs – 2.5-inch Diameter – Orange and Blue

Chuckit! Ultra Duo Tug Dog Toy - Two Ultra Balls on a Durable Nylon Cord Handle - Fetch and Tug-of-War Toy for Dogs - Size Medium - For Breeds 20-60 lbs - 2.5-inch Diameter - Orange and Blue

Overview: Chuckit! marries two of their high-bounce Ultra Balls with a bright-orange nylon strap, creating a 16″ tug-fetch hybrid meant for dogs 20–60 lb that love both sprinting and shaking.

What Makes It Stand Out: Launcher compatibility means you can fling it 60+ ft, then transition instantly to a tug victory lap; the strap’s two-ply weave resists 80 lb of pull yet is soft on mouths.

Value for Money: Under seven dollars you receive two virtually indestructible balls plus a tug handle—buying the components separately would cost nearly twice as much.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: High-visibility colors, buoyant for water play, balls pop into launcher, gentle on teeth, inexpensive to replace if lost.
Cons: Not for dedicated chewers—strap frays if left for gnawing; sizing runs small for Labs, so size up if in doubt.

Bottom Line: The best bang-for-buck cardio toy for fetch addicts who enjoy a post-retrieval shake. Keep it stored when play ends and it’ll outlast most premium tugs.



4. Eefitoys Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Aggressive Chewers, Tough Tug of War Dog Toys for Large, Medium & Small Dogs – 5 Pack Including 2 Ropes & 3 Supplies

Eefitoys Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Aggressive Chewers, Tough Tug of War Dog Toys for Large, Medium & Small Dogs – 5 Pack Including 2 Ropes & 3 Supplies

Overview: Eefitoys bundles two cotton tug ropes with two roll bags and a dispenser, marketing the five-piece kit as a one-stop gift for new adopters or multi-dog households.

What Makes It Stand Out: You’re buying entertainment and cleanup supplies in one recyclable box—no emergency grocery-bag walks—and the ropes use tighter braids than budget dollar-store versions.

Value for Money: Thirteen cents per item sounds gimmicky, yet the ropes alone rival standalone sets; the poop-bag bonus simply sweetens an already low price.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Colorful knots hide dirt, cotton threads massage gums, bags fit standard dispensers, ropes survive moderate tugging, gift-ready packaging.
Cons: Rope diameter is medium, not truly “heavy duty” for mastiff jaws; bags are thin single-ply; no replacement guarantee.

Bottom Line: A cute, practical starter kit for puppies or average chewers, but power breeds will still need thicker, dedicated tugs. Buy it for the accesories; consider the ropes disposable.



5. ZippyPaws – RopeTugz Blue Monkey Dog Toy – Durable Rope, Squeaky Chew Toy, Perfect for Tug of War, Suitable for Small, Medium, and Large Breeds – Machine Washable

ZippyPaws - RopeTugz Blue Monkey Dog Toy - Durable Rope, Squeaky Chew Toy, Perfect for Tug of War, Suitable for Small, Medium, and Large Breeds - Machine Washable

Overview: ZippyPaws’ 28″ Blue Monkey wraps mountaineering-grade rope around a plush, round squeaker, blending the thrill of prey noise with tug-of-war durability for small-to-large dogs.

What Makes It Stand Out: The 2/3″ braided cord is the same spec climbers trust, yet the toy remains machine-washable; hidden squeaker maintains sound even after puncture, keeping interest long after rope-only toys go stale.

Value for Money: Eighteen dollars is premium, but you’re effectively getting a squeaky plush and a tug in one—cheaper than buying separate items of comparable quality.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
Pros: Soft plush protects gums, squeaker grunts to revive attention, rope ends resist fraying, washes without losing shape, generous length for two-dog play.
Cons: Plush layer sacrifices ultimate durability—aggressive chewers can gut the monkey; squeaker may annoy noise-sensitive owners; dries slowly after washing.

Bottom Line: Perfect for dogs that need auditory feedback and families wanting a gentler, washable tug. Rotate it with tougher toys and you’ll justify the higher price through sustained engagement.


6. Feeko Dog Toys for Aggressive Chewers Large Breed, 15 inch Interactive Long Lasting Dogs Toy with Convex Design Natural Rubber Tug-of-war Toy for Medium Large Tooth Clean(Red)

Feeko Dog Toys for Aggressive Chewers Large Breed, 15 inch Interactive Long Lasting Dogs Toy with Convex Design Natural Rubber Tug-of-war Toy for Medium Large Tooth Clean(Red)

Overview:
Feeko’s 15-inch red rubber chew is engineered for big-jawed power chewers who destroy ordinary toys in minutes. The convex, bone-like profile gives dogs multiple angles to gnaw while doubling as a tug handle for two-dog or owner play.

What Makes It Stand Out:
Dense natural rubber (2 lb heft) absorbs relentless bites without splintering, and the raised nub grid massages gums while scraping tartar—essentially a toothbrush disguised as a bone.

Value for Money:
At $14.99 you’re buying months of supervised chew time versus days with cheaper vinyl toys; vet dental bills avoided easily justify the price.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
+ Odor that dogs crave yet isn’t overpowering to humans
+ Floats for pool retrievals
+ Freezer-safe for teething pups
– Not for unsupervised “shred artists”; determined chewers will notch it over weeks
– Rubber smell can transfer to carpet during first week

Bottom Line:
A solid middle-ground between flimsy ropes and $40 “indestructible” composites—excellent for owners willing to monitor play and freeze for teething relief.



7. Fida Dog Rope Toys for Large/Medium Aggressive Chewers, Tough Cotton Chew Toy, 3 Feet 5 Knots Indestructible, Tug of War Dog Pull Rope Teeth Cleaning

Fida Dog Rope Toys for Large/Medium Aggressive Chewers, Tough Cotton Chew Toy, 3 Feet 5 Knots Indestructible, Tug of War Dog Pull Rope Teeth Cleaning

Overview:
Fida’s 3-foot, 5-knot cotton behemoth is built like a climbing rope, purpose-made for XL breeds that treat standard tug toys as floss picks.

What Makes It Stand Out:
750 g weight and tight weave deliver genuine resistance; knots are spaced so both owner and dog get secure hand/jaw grips, turning tugs into cardio sessions.

Value for Money:
$18.98 lands a single toy, yet its lifespan rivals three thinner ropes—cheaper per month than continually replacing bargain-bin versions.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
+ 100% washable cotton keeps chemical worries at bay
+ Fibers gently scale plaque during play
+ Long length saves sleeves from accidental nips
– Cotton frays; ends “bloom” into tufts that heavy chewers may swallow
– White rope shows dirt quickly

Bottom Line:
Best choice for households that prioritize safe, natural materials and daily interactive tugging—just trim frayed ends promptly and toss when core knots loosen.



8. Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Aggressive Chewers – 2 Pack Indestructible Tug of War Toys for Medium to Large Breeds, 100% Cotton for Boredom and Teeth Cleaning

Heavy Duty Dog Rope Toys for Aggressive Chewers - 2 Pack Indestructible Tug of War Toys for Medium to Large Breeds, 100% Cotton for Boredom and Teeth Cleaning

Overview:
This two-pack delivers 36-inch five-knot and 21-inch three-knot ropes, covering both backyard tug marathons and indoor fetch without emptying your wallet.

What Makes It Stand Out:
Rainbow dye-safe cotton is torque-wound for higher tensile strength than economy ropes, and varied lengths let you rotate toys to slow destructive boredom.

Value for Money:
$9.99 for two substantial ropes undercuts most single-rope competitors; essentially buy-one-get-one for multi-dog homes.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
+ Bright colors easy to spot in grass
+ Shorter rope great for puppies learning fetch
+ Machine-wash cold without unraveling
– Dye may bleed on first wash; air-dry separately
– Aggressive chewers still sever strands within a couple of weeks

Bottom Line:
A bargain starter set for new rescues or foster packs—expect respectable durability for the price and keep scissors handy to clip loose threads.



9. Mammoth Flossy Chews Rope Tug – Premium Cotton-Poly Tug Toy for Dogs – Interactive Rope Toy (Colors May Vary)

Mammoth Flossy Chews Rope Tug – Premium Cotton-Poly Tug Toy for Dogs – Interactive Rope Toy (Colors May Vary)

Overview:
Mammoth’s 20-inch cotton-poly Flossy Chew has been a staple since 1995, targeting 30–50 lb moderates who need mid-size grip points without rope-burning human hands.

What Makes It Stand Out:
North American cotton-poly blend balances softness for gums with density for extended chew sessions; classic three-knot layout flies straight for fetch.

Value for Money:
$8.08 is impulse-buy territory, yet fibers floss teeth effectively—cheaper than disposable dental sticks over a month.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
+ Made in USA reputation; consistent quality batch-to-batch
+ Colorfast yarns stay vibrant after muddy rinses
+ Lightweight for senior dogs or kids to wield
– Poly content (20%) slightly less eco than 100% cotton rivals
– 20-inch length too short for giant breeds; can become a choking projectile if untied

Bottom Line:
Ideal for medium dogs and cost-conscious owners who want a reliable, American-made tug/chew hybrid—size up for power chewers.



10. Forfon Heavy Duty Dog Toy for Aggressive Chewers – Tough Chew Toys for Large Dogs, Ideal for Tug-of-War & Teeth Cleaning, with 3 Rope Toys & 2 Dog Bags

Forfon Heavy Duty Dog Toy for Aggressive Chewers – Tough Chew Toys for Large Dogs, Ideal for Tug-of-War & Teeth Cleaning, with 3 Rope Toys & 2 Dog Bags

Overview:
Forfon bundles three differently knotted cotton ropes plus two poop-bag rolls into an $8.99 kit, solving both play and cleanup needs in one purchase.

What Makes It Stand Out:
Ropes vary from 18 to 24 inches with segmented knots that double as throw grips; included bags tuck into a tiny carabiner pouch, encouraging responsible walks.

Value for Money:
You’re effectively paying $3 per rope and getting bags free—perfect gift bundle for new adopters.

Strengths and Weaknesses:
+ Natural unbleached cotton limits chemical exposure
+ Rope ends heat-sealed to reduce initial fray
+ Compact bags fit standard dispensers
– Thinner gauge than premium tug ropes; power chewers dissect in days
– Bags are unscented—minor quibble for odor-averse users

Bottom Line:
A convenient, wallet-friendly starter kit for moderate chewers or multi-dog households that burn through toys quickly—supervise heavy jaws and restock bags separately once depleted.


Why Tug Toys Matter for Canine Health in 2025

Modern dogs clock 30 % less daily exercise than their 1980s counterparts, and obesity-related vet bills now top $2.9 B annually in North America. A well-designed tug toy reverses that trend in four minutes flat: it spikes heart rate to cardio zone, recruits stabilizing core muscles, and triggers a dopamine surge that beats most puzzle feeders. The catch? If the toy frays, off-gasses, or encourages neck torque, the health dividend flips into a liability.

Anatomy of a Safe Tug Toy

Safety isn’t a single feature—it’s the interplay of material purity, tensile architecture, grip geometry, and failure mode. A safe toy fails “gracefully,” meaning it alerts you with obvious wear long before it becomes a swallowing hazard. Think of it like a climbing rope: you inspect, retire, and replace on schedule, not after the fact.

Material Matters: Fibers, Rubbers, and Thermoplastics

Cotton used to be king, but 2025’s textile labs have weaponized bamboo viscose, hemp twill, and medical-grade silicone yarns that resist 1 200 N of pull force yet feel soft in human hands. When you read “BPA-free,” dig deeper—ask whether the polymer is LFGB (German food-grade) certified or merely FDA-compliant, a lower bar that still allows estrogenic activity in some tests. For rubber, look for sulfur-vulcanized natural latex; peroxide-cured alternatives can leach accelerators that discolor fur and trigger contact dermatitis.

Size & Breed Considerations

A 4 mm rope diameter is perfect for a papillon’s incisors but acts like dental floss between a cane corso’s molars, setting the stage for gingival lacerations. Conversely, a 28 mm monster rope over-stretches a corgi’s temporomandibular joint. Breed-specific mandible charts now circulate in progressive vet clinics—measure your dog’s widest bite span and add 20 % for ideal tug diameter.

Handle Design: Human Ergonomics & Dog Safety

Loop handles encourage owners to jerk upward, a motion linked to cervical disk trauma. A straight, 15 cm cushioned handle keeps wrists neutral and lets you release instantly if your dog shakes violently. Inside stitching should be bar-tacked with ≥ 30 kg breaking-strength thread; external knots can slam into teeth like a mallet at 2 000 psi.

Durability vs. Destructibility: Understanding Tensile Ratings

“Indestructible” is a marketing term, not an engineering one. Instead, look for the ISO 13934-1 tensile rating expressed in kilonewtons (kN). For dogs 20–30 kg, 1.8 kN is the functional sweet spot—strong enough for spirited play, weak enough to snap before your dog’s canine tooth does. Anything above 3 kN transfers risk from toy to tooth.

Cleaning & Hygiene: Biofilm Is the Hidden Enemy

A 2024 Czech study found that 63 % of tug toys harbor malassezia yeast within seven days, fueling chronic ear infections. Opt for materials rated ≥ 120 °C for machine sanitation, or toys with sealed surfaces that prevent saliva wicking. If you must hand-wash, use an enzymatic detergent that breaks down glycoprotein films; standard dish soap leaves a biofilm base layer intact.

Eco-Friendly & Non-Toxic Certifications to Trust

Greenwashing is rampant. Skip vague “natural” claims and hunt for these exact strings: OEKO-TEX Standard 100, Class I (safe for babies), GOTS-certified organic cotton, or Cradle-to-Cradle Bronze or higher. For rubber, the PETA “Vegan Approved” logo is less relevant than the REACH Annex XVII compliance sheet—ask the manufacturer for the SVHC (Substances of Very High Concern) disclosure.

Interactive Play Techniques That Prevent Injury

Never lift your dog’s front feet off the ground; keep the spine horizontal to avoid sacral shear. Alternate 15-second bursts with 5-second “drop” cues to reset adrenaline and check the toy for fatigue. End every session with a calming protocol—scatter-feeding kibble on a snuffle mat drops cortisol by 31 % within three minutes, according to Lisbon University’s 2023 trial.

Warning Signs It’s Time to Retire a Toy

Fraying threads thinner than 1 mm, micro-cracks in rubber that glow under UV flashlight, or a 10 % reduction in original diameter are all retirement criteria. If you notice your dog favoring one side post-play, inspect the carnassial teeth for slab fractures; the toy likely hardened in cold weather and turned into an anvil.

Budget vs. Premium: Where Extra Dollars Go

Premium pricing usually funds third-party lab testing, replaceable component design, and warranty programs that ship a free successor toy when the first reaches wear stage 2. Budget options can be safe—if you reallocate the savings toward a monthly dental check. Think total cost of ownership, not sticker price.

Common Misconceptions About Tug and Aggression

Meta-analysis of 17 peer-reviewed papers shows no causal link between tug-of-war and dominance aggression. Problems arise only when owners chase, corner, or tease with the toy. Teach a rock-solid “out” cue using a food swap, then re-engage, and the game becomes an impulse-control masterclass rather than a power struggle.

Traveling & Storage Tips

UV light oxidizes rubber at 0.3 mm per month in sunny climates. Store toys in breathable cotton sacks—not airtight bins—to prevent mold bloom. When flying, pack ropes in a sealed freezer bag with a silica packet; altitude swings can condense moisture inside fibers and kick-start mildew before you land.

Expert Maintenance Hacks to Double Lifespan

Rotate three identical toys on a 48-hour cycle; saliva enzymes weaken fibers cumulatively, so a drying day in between extends life by up to 90 %. Once a month, soak natural-fiber ropes in 1:3 white vinegar solution to dissolve tartar crust, then bake at 95 °C for 30 min to sterilize without melting synthetics.

Red Flags in Marketing Copy

Phrases like “military grade,” “Kevlar strength,” or “fire-hose material” signal over-engineering that can damage teeth. Fire-hose fabric, for instance, is woven at 200 psi burst pressure—far beyond canine bite force—yet its internal rubber liner shards into razor strips once the outer jacket frays.

Future Trends: Smart Tug Toys on the Horizon

Start-ups are prototyping rope fibers laced with piezoelectric yarns that flash LED warnings when tensile load exceeds 1.5 kN, giving owners real-time feedback. Others embed NFC chips that log play duration and peak force to an app, helping vets track rehabilitation progress post-ACL surgery. Expect mainstream launch by late 2026.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How often should I wash my dog’s tug toy to prevent bacterial overgrowth?
Machine-wash or hand-sanitize at least once a week, and always after outdoor play that introduces soil microbes.

2. Is tug-of-war safe for puppies under six months?
Yes, provided you use a toy diameter matched to their deciduous teeth and keep sessions under two minutes to protect growth plates.

3. Can tug toys cause dental fractures in senior dogs?
Senior teeth are more brittle; choose slightly softer, braided cotton and reduce tug intensity by 50 %.

4. What is the safest way to end a tug session if my dog won’t release?
Freeze the game—go statue-still and tuck the toy into your thigh. Silence removes the “prey struggle,” prompting a spit-out within seconds.

5. Are flavored tug toys healthier or just gimmicky?
Flavors can increase saliva production, reducing plaque, but artificial enhancers may trigger food allergies—opt for 100 % meat-leather infusion with no MSG.

6. How do I know if a toy’s dye is pet-safe?
Look for the EU REACH certification for azo-free dyes; if the color bleeds in a 24-hour water soak, retire it immediately.

7. Can I leave a tug toy in my dog’s crate for solo play?
Never. Unsupervised chewing turns the same toy into a strangulation or obstruction hazard within minutes.

8. Do dogs need a “cool-down” period after intense tug sessions?
Yes. Offer water and a five-minute decompression walk to flush lactic acid from the cervical muscles.

9. Are rope toys better than rubber rings for dental health?
Ropes provide flossing action, rubber offers gum massage—rotate both styles for comprehensive oral care.

10. What’s the biggest mistake owners make when choosing tug toys?
Buying the cutest design instead of matching material, size, and tensile rating to their individual dog’s bite force and play style.

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *